Application of 3D scanning for modeling and morphometric assessment of Mangalarga Marchador horses.

A comprehensive analysis of multi-robot collaborative 3D measurement technologies

Quantifying Orbital Segmentation in Thyroid Eye Disease- Fat to Muscle Ratio Correlates With Restrictive Strabismus.

Breast symmetry plays a key role in breast reconstructive surgery. In the healthy population, volume asymmetry is common. This study aimed to better understand how breast symmetry is perceived and to compare subjective estimation with objective measurements of breast symmetry in the healthy participants. A retrospective cross-sectional study included healthy participants who underwent VECTRA 3-dimentional breast imaging. Breast volume measurements were obtained using the VECTRA system. Five plastic surgeons and five laypersons assessed volume symmetry subjectively. Of 209 healthy participants, 100 were randomly selected for assessment. Mean left and right breast volumes were 636.8 cc and 664.8 cc, respectively, with a mean relative volume difference of 16.0% (SD 12.7). No clear threshold of relative breast volume difference was found in which the majority of plastic surgeons or laypersons defined breast asymmetry. Even with large volume differences quantified by 3D VECTRA measurement, breasts were perceived as symmetrical by both plastic surgeons and laypersons. Inter-observer agreement was poor for both groups (Fleiss' kappa: surgeons 0.23; laypersons 0.30). Agreement with 3D measurements regarding the larger breast was low (surgeons: accuracy 53.8%, Cohen's kappa 0.08; laypersons: accuracy 48.6%, Cohen's kappa -0.07). Subjective assessments of breast symmetry by both experts and laypersons poorly correlate with objective 3D imaging volume measurements. Symmetry perception likely extends beyond volume alone, influenced by factors such as breast shape, projection, and nipple position. While 3D imaging provides reliable volume measurements and preoperative consultations, it alone may not enhance patient satisfaction regarding perceived symmetry. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A DEQAS review of the current performance of assays for the measurement of 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D.

Depth map filtering method for shape-from-focus recovery based on hybrid network model.

Comparison of automated subcortical segmentation methods: VolBrain vs. 3D Slicer in brain volumetry.

Planar optical chemical sensing and imaging of heterogeneous pH and oxygen fronts during reactive transport in porous media: Applications to acid mine drainage neutralization and zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier treatment.

Asymmetry analysis of both humeri: Comparisons of conventional and computational measurement.

High-precision visual 3D measurement of bridge defects in high-turbidity water

Synergistic integration of structured light and kinematic MVPS for 3D measurement of dynamic specular surfaces

An accurate measurement of femoral version is essential for diagnosing version abnormalities, determining the need for a surgical intervention, and establishing the extent of correction required. However, in the literature, numerous measurement techniques have been described. To (1) evaluate the differences among 4 different 2- and 3-dimensional (2D and 3D, respectively) techniques for measuring femoral version, (2) assess the effect of femoral version on differences between measurement techniques, and (3) examine the accuracy of an automated method in determining femoral version using commonly employed techniques. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. A total of 100 patients who underwent hip preservation surgery at a single academic center were analyzed (measured and segmented). Pelvic computed tomography was used to measure femoral version using 4 established methods: 2 were 2D axial techniques (Murphy and Reikeras), and 2 were 3D reconstructions (Sugano and Lee). Overall, 4 assessors performed the axial measurements. Measurements were performed relative to the posterior condylar axis (PCA) and transepicondylar axis (TEA). Discrepancies in femoral version between different techniques and interobserver correlations were determined. Linear regression equations to convert femoral version values between methods were established. Using these equations, we calculated the range for each method to be 10° to 25° as per the Murphy method, described as "normative" in the literature. All 2D measurements demonstrated excellent interobserver reliability (interclass correlation coefficients = 0.93-0.97). The mean femoral version according to the 4 methods varied from 3.4°± 9.6° (Lee; lowest) to 23.2°± 11.2° (Murphy; highest). Distally, the TEA exhibited an external rotation of 5.2°± 1.6° relative to the PCA. Linear regression equations showed a strong correlation (R2 > 0.8) for converting femoral version values between methods. The normative range, derived from these equations, varied from 10° to 25° (Murphy) to -7° to 5° (Lee). Excellent correlations were identified between the manual 2D and automatic 3D methods for both distal (TEA: ρ = 0.942, P < .001; PCA: ρ = 0.984, P < .001) and proximal (Reikeras: ρ = 0.924, P < .001; Murphy: ρ = 0.965, P < .001) femoral measurements. Femoral version measurements varied significantly between methods, with more proximal reference axes yielding lower values. Despite high reproducibility, the methods differed in mean values, emphasizing the importance of method-specific normal ranges. While 2D methods are common, 3D imaging, supported by quick and user-friendly software, serves as a more detailed and practical assessment.

The Latarjet procedure is effective for treating recurrent anterior shoulder instability, but graft-related complications may occur. Accurate preoperative planning is essential to minimize these complications. Three-dimensional (3D) printed models may support surgical planning; however, their role in Latarjet surgery remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether coracoid dimensions measured on 3D-printed models differ from intraoperative measurements and whether their use influences surgical decision-making. In this cross-sectional study, 25 patients underwent computed tomography based 3D printing of the scapula. Coracoid length, width, and thickness were measured on the 3D-printed models and compared with intraoperative pre- and post-osteotomy measurements using precision calipers. Surgeons also subjectively rated the usefulness of the 3D models for surgical planning. No significant differences were observed in coracoid thickness among the three measurement time points (p = 0.6956). Significant differences were found for coracoid length (p = 0.0005) and width (p = 0.02) between the 3D model and pre-osteotomy measurements, while no differences were observed between pre- and post-osteotomy measurements. The models were rated as "very helpful" in 28% of cases, "somewhat helpful" in 52%, and "not helpful" in 20%. In three cases, preoperative planning with the 3D model resulted in a change in fixation strategy. Three-dimensional printed coracoid models provide reliable estimation of coracoid thickness and may assist in preoperative planning in selected Latarjet procedures, particularly when graft adequacy or fixation strategy is uncertain. Although statistically significant differences in length and width were observed, the models were considered helpful in most cases. IV.

Abstract Dynamic deformation often involves inherently 3D behavior, but the accurate measurement of complex 3D deformation remains a major challenge for stereo digital image correlation (Stereo-DIC), particularly under conditions involving large displacement, large rotation, and deformation discontinuities. Conventional path-dependent Stereo-DIC methods suffer from error accumulation and tracking failure along the deformation path. To address these limitations, this study proposes a path-independent Stereo-DIC framework for 3D complex deformation measurement via full-field matching with dense initialization. Temporal correspondence is obtained via DAISY feature-assisted path-independent DIC to improve robustness under complex deformation. A high-precision bundle-adjusted stereo calibration is employed to provide accurate geometric parameters for 3D reconstruction. Experimental validations, including camera calibration and deformation measurement, demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high reconstruction accuracy and superior robustness compared with conventional path-dependent DIC approaches. Compared with the path-dependent DIC method, the method successfully recovers smooth and continuous 3D displacement and strain fields under challenging conditions involving large displacement, large rotation, and discontinuity. These results confirm that the proposed path-independent Stereo-DIC framework provides a reliable and flexible solution for full-field 3D measurement of complex deformations.

The performance of 5D imaging in CHD has been previously demonstrated using ferumoxytol rather than gadolinium. To evaluate the performance of gadolinium enhanced 5D MRI relative to 2D and 3D MRI in CHD patients. Retrospective. 45 consecutive CHD patients referred for clinically indicated MRI who underwent 2D, 3D, and 5D MRI. 2D bSSFP CINE, 3D bSSFP, and 5D FISS at 1.5 T. Scan time (2D, 3D, and 5D), left and right ventricular (LV, RV) end diastolic and end systolic volumes (LVEDV, RVEDV, LVESV, and RVESV, respectively), ejection fraction (LVEF, RVEF) for 2D versus 5D, and image quality on a 4-point Likert scale (3D vs. 5D). Paired comparisons were made using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. Agreement between measurements was evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis including the bias and 95% limits of agreement. Scan time for 5D (6:18 [0]) was significantly shorter than 2D (7:16 [4:39]) and 3D (6:55 [1:30]) MRI. 5D measurements were strongly correlated with 2D measurements of LVEDV (R2 = 0.94), LVESV (R2 = 0.83), LVEF (R2 = 0.51), (R2 = 0.85), RVESV (R2 = 0.80), and RVEF (R2 = 0.66) but with significant biases. Sharpness of the coronary arteries were significantly higher for 3D (RCA: 36.8% ± 10.2%, LAD: 40.5% ± 10.5%) than 5D (RCA: 24.3% ± 7.5%, LAD: 31.7% ± 8.7%), but longer vessel segments were visible using 5D (LAD: 6.9 ± 2.5) than 3D (LAD: 5.3 ± 2.9 mm) acquisitions. The grades for 5D (R1: 3 [1], R2: 2.5 [0.5], R3: 3 [0.6]) were significantly higher than 3D (R1: 3 [1], R2: 2.5 [1], R3: 2 [1]). Gadolinium-enhanced 5D MRI may provide an efficient and simplified acquisition for CHD patients, with multiple quantitative parameters from 5D being not significantly different from those from reference standard 2D and 3D MRI. 4 STAGE OF TECHNICAL EFFICACY: 1.

3D back surface asymmetry reflects radiographic deformity but not patient perception in Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Anemia in beta-thalassemia leads to extramedullary hematopoiesis and observable craniofacial changes. Unlike traditional 2-dimensional studies in the literature, in this study, we aimed to demonstrate craniofacial changes in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and transfusion-independent thalassemia (NTDT) patients in 3 dimensions using the Artec EVA 3D device. This study enrolled 60 participants, 23 with TDT, 17 with NTDT, and 20 healthy individuals. We digitized participants' faces and conducted 17 measurements on the forehead, nose, cheekbone, and mouth regions, encompassing asymmetry, area, volume, linear dimensions, and geodesic features. Regardless of age, none of the 17 parameters in the TDT group demonstrated significant differences compared with healthy controls, while 6 parameters in the NTDT group did. TDT group parameters did not exhibit significant differences among individuals under 18, whereas 3 parameters in the NTDT group did. Conversely, for participants above 18 years old, 1 parameter in the TDT group and 7 in the NTDT group displayed significant differences. This study provides novel insights by employing 3D craniofacial measurements in thalassemia patients, particularly highlighting data from the NTDT group, where bone marrow suppression from transfusions was not a factor. The study also demonstrates that craniofacial changes can be prevented through regular transfusions.

Accurate quantitative assessment of temporal bone microanatomy is essential for otologic research and surgical planning. However, existing measurement approaches, including manual tools, ex vivo microscopy, and high-resolution computed tomography, are limited by contact requirements, indirect measurement, insufficient spatial resolution, or the inability to provide efficient quantitative feedback under microscopic visualization. To address these limitations, this study developed an in situ, non-contact three-dimensional (3D) microscopic measurement system for temporal bone anatomy based on stereo imaging. The system integrates microscopic stereo calibration, deep learning-based disparity estimation, 3D reconstruction, and an interactive measurement workflow. Reconstruction accuracy was evaluated using a high-precision scanned LEGO model, while measurement accuracy was validated using a custom-designed 3D-printed module with known geometric dimensions. The feasibility of the system was further demonstrated through measurements of representative anatomical structures in four temporal bones from two fresh-frozen cadaver heads. The results showed that the root mean square error of 3D reconstruction was 0.05-0.13 mm. For geometric measurements, the average error was below 1.7%, with a maximum error below 4.0% across multiple metrics. The system enabled in situ, non-contact measurement of various anatomical parameters under microscopic conditions. These findings indicate that the proposed system provides accurate and reliable quantitative 3D measurement of temporal bone microstructures. As a technical prototype, it provides a practical tool for anatomical research and supports future development toward intraoperative, non-contact, in situ quantitative assessment in otomicrosurgery.

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is widely used for elasticity imaging, but conventional implementations remain confined to two-dimensional (2D) measurement planes and lack sensitivity to viscosity, an emerging biomarker linking shear wave dissipation and disease progression. The objective of this work is to extend SWE for viscoelasticity imaging beyond the measurement plane through methodological and acquisition-based advances. We introduce a cross-plane acquisition strategy in which multiple measurement planes are recorded per acoustic radiation force (ARF) push to capture dissipation across planes. We perform imaging using recently developed full-waveform inversion (FWI), enhanced with an H1 regularization scheme that stabilizes reconstructions by penalizing spurious oscillations. The method is validated using synthetic datasets generated using a reduced-dimension proof-of-concept model focused on out-of-plane sensitivity under varying inclusion geometries, contrasts, and noise levels. Reconstructions were performed using a multiresolution sequential inversion framework that progressively refines elasticity (G) and viscosity (eta). The cross-plane strategy significantly improved the recovery of viscosity distributions by capturing dissipative behavior between measurement planes, while H1 regularization enhanced stability and suppressed noise-induced artifacts without over smoothing. Elasticity maps remained consistent across all cases, whereas viscosity reconstructions exhibited improved boundary fidelity and reduced ambiguity compared with single-plane configurations. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing viscoelastic properties beyond the measurement plane using cross-plane SWE. The proposed framework establishes a pathway toward true volumetric (3D) viscoelastic imaging using standard 2D ultrasound acquisitions.

Transperineal ultrasound has emerged as a reliable measure to monitor labor progress non-invasively. This sonographic method enables fetal head descent to be measured by determining the relationship of the fetal head to the maternal symphysis pubis and the fetal head in reference to the perineum. As the pelvic floor plays an important role in childbirth, measuring the levator hiatal dimensions may provide additional understanding of the mechanisms, particularly in the second stage of labor. The objective was to assess both inter- and intra-observer agreement in measuring the levator hiatal dimensions at rest during the passive second stage of labor using two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) transperineal ultrasound. Women were prospectively recruited for ultrasound assessment in the second stage of labor. The study population consisted of nulliparous women at term (37 + 0-42 + 0 weeks' gestation) with a live singleton pregnancy. Study participants eligible for recruitment were approached in active labor and consented to participate in the "SONO-BIRTH" study. Transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound were performed following clinical assessments in labor. The 3D pelvic floor volumes were uploaded into the software to calculate the levator hiatal area (LHa), transverse hiatal diameter (TD), and the anteroposterior hiatal distance (APD). The quality of visualization from the 3D volumes of the symphysis pubis (SP), puborectalis (PR), and levator hiatus (LH) was scored between 0 and 2 (SP, PR) and 0-4 (LH) and was assessed by two independent observers. Of 95 participants consecutively recruited, 75 had ultrasound volumes available for assessment. The inter-observer agreement for APD in 3D was slightly better compared with APD in 2D measurements, the mean difference being -0.22 cm (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85; p < 0.001) and - 0.35 cm (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.79; p < 0.001), respectively. Intra-observer agreement for APD in 2D demonstrated a mean difference of -0.03 cm (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91; p < 0.001). Image quality of 3D ultrasound volumes gave a Kappa score of 0.40 for SP and a Kappa score of 0.72 and 0.77, respectively, for PR and LH. Assessment of the levator hiatal dimensions in the second stage of labor using 2D and 3D ultrasound demonstrates good inter- and intra-observer agreement. Agreement between two operators for quality of imaging of the pelvic floor structures obtained from 3D imaging was lowest for the symphysis pubis and highest for the levator hiatus.