24-hour Recall Research Articles

Trajectory Patterns of Macronutrient Intake and Their Associations with Obesity, Diabetes, and All-Cause Mortality: A Longitudinal Analysis over 25 Years.

Over the past decades, China has been undergoing rapid economic growth, which may have significantly influenced the dietary patterns and health status of the Chinese population. Our study aimed to assess the associations of potential macronutrient trajectory patterns with chronic diseases and all-cause mortality using the latent class trajectory model (LCTM) and the longitudinal data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey obtained between 1991 and 2015. A 24-hour diet recall was used to assess the dietary intake. The Poisson regression model was employed to investigate the correlations between trajectory patterns and chronic diseases and all-cause mortality. A total of 8115 participants were included in the final analysis. We explored four and three trajectory patterns for male and female populations, respectively. We found that a decreasing very high-carbohydrate trajectory together with a U-shape protein trajectory was associated with a higher risk of diabetes in the male population (odds ratio (OR): 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31-3.77). A similar pattern for moderate protein intake was also associated with the risk of diabetes in the female population (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.18-2.79). In addition, we show that a decreasing low-carbohydrate trajectory and an increasing high-fat trajectory were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60-0.96) and a higher risk of obesity (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05-1.47) in males. Our results shed light on some salient nutritional problems in China, particularly the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition.

Seasonal variation in the intake of food groups and nutrients in Japan: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Seasonal variations could systematically bias dietary intakes. This systematic review aimed to determine seasonal variations in dietary intake among Japanese adults.Methods PubMed and Ichushi-Web databases were searched for studies reporting seasonal intakes of nutrients or food groups assessed by dietary records or 24-hour recalls. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022356084).Results Ten studies (eight studies on 1-31 nutrients and four on 2-15 food groups) met the inclusion criteria. Six studies included both sexes, whereas four investigated only females. The number of participants ranged from 25 to 459, and the number of dietary survey days in each season ranged from 1 to 14. For most nutrient and food groups, the reported seasonal variations were inconsistent across studies. The meta-analyses comparing differences in mean intakes between two seasons showed no significant differences in all comparisons or differences in only one comparison for most nutrients and food groups. Significant seasonal differences were observed for vegetables, fruits, and potatoes in five out of six comparisons, though the heterogeneity was high. Their biggest differences were as follows: 101 g/day more vegetable intake in summer than spring, 60 g/day more fruit intake in fall than spring, and 20.1 g/day more potato intake in fall than spring.Conclusion Reported seasonal variations were inconsistent across studies for most food groups and nutrients. Relatively distinct seasonal differences in mean intakes were observed for vegetables, fruits, and potatoes in meta-analyses. However, these results must be interpreted cautiously because of the high heterogeneity and limited representativeness.

Are increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa linked to self-perceived body image and nutritional adequacy of Turkish adults?

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study, conducted on 4003 participants aged between 18 and 45, aims to contribute to orthorexia nervosa (ON) research by examining the relationship between ON, body image and nutritional adequacy. The Orthorexia Nervosa-11 scale (ORTO-11) and body perception scale were applied to individuals, and food consumption records were taken with a 24-hour dietary recall method. The study found that more individuals with orthorexia nervosa (ON) considered themselves overweight compared to non-ON individuals. Evaluating diet quality, the mean adequacy ratio was significantly higher in ON individuals. Nutrient adequacy ratios for total fiber, magnesium, zinc, thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin C were higher, while those for carbohydrate and iron were lower in ON individuals. Additionally, increasing the number of snacks, protein, and total fiber adequacy decreased the ORTO-11 score. Distorted body image perception may be a risk factor for ON, but healthy eating fixation does not lead to nutrient inadequacy unless it involves progressive food restriction.

Are there differences between men and women with respect to the factors associated with calcium intake?

The scope of this article is to verify if there are differences in factors associated with calcium intake between men and women. It is based on a study conducted with data from a health survey in a sample of 1641 individuals aged 20 years or more living in the urban area of the city of Campinas, in the State of São Paulo. Calcium intake was obtained from a 24-hour recall (24hr recall method) and analyzed according to sociodemographic variables, health behavior, frequency of meals and body mass index (BMI). The existence of associations was verified by multiple linear regression tests, and it was detected that the profile of associated factors differed between genders. Physical exercise in the leisure context was only associated with calcium intake in males, while skin color, smoking, income, overweight/obesity, and frequency of having breakfast only revealed an association in females. Schooling and having snacks were associated with calcium intake in both sexes. The analysis of the associated factors indicates segments of the female and male population in which the importance of calcium intake needs to be more closely examined. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of conducting health analyses stratified by sex due to the different behavioral patterns that prevail between the sexes.

Neighbourhood Environments and Lifestyle Behaviours in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

ObjectivesEarly prevention strategies are needed to mitigate the high risk of cardiovascular disease in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Residential neighbourhood features can promote healthy lifestyle behaviours and reduce cardiovascular risk, but less is known about their role in lifestyle behaviours in adolescents with T1D, and no studies used comparisons to healthy controls. MethodsWe examined associations between residential neighbourhood features and lifestyle behaviours in adolescents with T1D and healthy controls. Data were analyzed from the CARdiovascular Disease risk factors in pEdiatric type 1 diAbetes (CARDEA) study, a cross-sectional investigation of 100 adolescents with T1D (14 to 18 years) from a pediatric diabetes clinic in Montréal, Canada, and 97 healthy controls. Outcomes included physical activity and sedentary behaviour (accelerometry), screen time and sleep duration (questionnaires), and dietary habits (24-hour recalls). Cluster analysis of selected neighbourhood indicators computed for participants’ postal codes resulted in 2 neighbourhood types: central urban and peri-urban. Central urban neighbourhoods were characterized by very high population density, high active living index, numerous points of interest, higher social deprivation, higher residential mobility, and lower median household income compared with peri-urban neighbourhoods. Associations of neighbourhood type with lifestyle behaviours were estimated with multiple linear regressions and interactions by T1D status were tested. ResultsLiving in central urban neighbourhoods was associated with greater daily minutes of moderate-to-vigourous physical activity (beta = 8.61, 95% confidence interval 1.79 to 15.44) compared with living in peri-urban neighbourhoods. No associations were observed for other lifestyle behaviours, and no statistically significant interactions were found between neighbourhood type and T1D status. ConclusionFeatures that characterize central urban built environments appear to promote physical activity in adolescents, regardless of T1D status.

The Use of Pictorial Recall Aids Modifies Dietary Assessment Results: Experiences from Quantitative 24-hour Dietary Recalls of Young Children in Nepal and Senegal

BackgroundRecall bias or memory error is a known limitation of recall-based dietary assessment methods and can lead to substantial misrepresentation of diets. Pictorial recall aids have been used by various studies to mitigate recall bias, but their effect on quantitative, 4-pass 24-h dietary recall (24HR) results has not yet been measured. ObjectivesThis article examines uptake of pictorial recall aids among caregivers of young children in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and Guédiawaye Department, Senegal; describes what foods/beverages are subject to recall bias in these contexts; and assesses the effect of these recall aids on estimated dietary outcomes. MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from 24HR surveys that provided a recall aid to reduce caregiver recall bias. Young children’s dietary outcomes were calculated from the 24HR data. Logistic regressions were used to compare characteristics and estimated dietary outcomes of children by recall aid uptake. McNemar’s test and paired t-tests were used to compare estimated dietary outcomes in initial 24HR data with revised 24HR data that incorporated omitted items identified by the recall aid. ResultsPictorial recall aids had relatively high uptake by caregivers in both contexts. Beverages, unhealthy snacks, and fruit were most subject to recall bias. Adding omitted items identified by recall aids resulted in statistically significant changes in most dietary outcomes assessed. Children of caregivers who chose to use the recall aid had significantly different estimated dietary outcomes than children of caregivers who did not use the recall aid. ConclusionsThe use of pictorial recall aids modifies 24HR results in these 2 contexts. Rigorous research is needed to fully understand the impact of recall aids on 24HR methodology and results, with an aim to improve the accuracy of dietary assessment and ultimately inform evidence-based nutrition programming, policy, and recommendations.

Depression and Diet Quality, US Adolescents and Young Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-March 2020

BackgroundDepression is a common mental health disorder. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the association between diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2020 (HEI-2020), and depression symptoms among US adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 29 years. DesignThe study design was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis. ParticipantsData from the first 24-hour dietary recall for adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 29 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2015 to March 2020 (n = 4750) were analyzed. Main outcome measureDepression was defined as a score ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire, reflecting moderate or severe symptoms in the previous 2 weeks. Statistical analyses performedHEI-2020 total (range, 0-100) and component scores were calculated for those with and without depression. Predicted HEI-2020 scores were estimated from linear regression models, adjusting for age, gender, race and Hispanic origin, family income, and seeing a mental health professional in the past year. Statistical analyses accounted for the complex sample design. ResultsThe prevalence of depression among adolescents and young adults was 7.8% (95% CI 6.3% to 9.5%). Total HEI-2020 score was 45.9 (95% CI 45.0 to 46.7) out of 100 on a given day during 2015 to March 2020. Among young people with depression, total HEI-2020 score was lower than among those without depression (41.7 vs 46.2; P < .001). After adjustment for covariates, the difference was attenuated, but remained significant. In adjusted analyses, HEI-2020 component scores were lower for those with depression compared with those without depression for the adequacy components: total fruits (1.4 vs 1.7; P = .03), whole fruits (1.2 vs 1.7; P < .01), total vegetables (2.1 vs 2.6; P < .01), greens and beans (0.8 vs 1.2; P < .01), and total protein foods (3.6 vs 4.0; P = .02) out of a maximum score of 5. There were no statistically significant differences observed for whole grains, dairy, seafood and plant proteins, fatty acids, saturated fats, refined grains, sodium, or added sugars. ConclusionsOverall diet quality is low among young people. Diet quality, especially consumption of fruits, vegetables, and protein foods was lower among young people with depression compared with those without depression.

Dietary intakes of vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and erectile dysfunction: a national population-based study.

While deficiencies in vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are linked to various human diseases, including anemia, depression, peripheral neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), literature regarding the association between vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 and erectile dysfunction (ED) is scarce. We aimed to determine the dietary intake of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 and ED in the United States population. We extracted data from the 2001-2004 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary intakes of B vitamins were collected based on one 24-hour dietary recall. The association between dietary intake of vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and ED was examined using multivariate logistic regression models. A total of 3,875 participants were included for analysis, with 1,201 reporting ED and 2,894 not experiencing ED. The multivariable odds ratios (ORs) for the highest vs. lowest quartiles of vitamin B6 was 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60-0.99; P for trend =0.03] for the prevalence of ED. Subgroup analyses demonstrated a significant inverse association between dietary intake of vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and the prevalence of ED among men aged ≤60 years, individuals of Mexican American and non-Hispanic White ethnicity, and those without a history of CVD, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. The consumption of dietary vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 was significantly linked to decreased risks of ED among younger healthier men, suggesting a potential protective role of these nutrients against ED in United States adults.

The healthy eating index for older adults: adaptation of the 2015 healthy eating index considering dietary guidelines for healthy aging.

The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a comprehensive measure to assess diet quality. Because of the various factors that influence the nutritional status of older adults, there is a need to adapt an index that assesses the quality of the diet considering the dietary requirements of aging and health promotion. This study aimed to adapt the HEI for older adults, considering their needs for healthy eating. Food consumption data was collected by means of three non-consecutive 24-hour food recalls (R24h). For the adaptation of the Healthy Eating Index for Older Adults (HEI-OA), the components and scoring methodology of HEI-2015 were maintained and Brazilian food intake recommendations for the older population were used, which are in line with international recommendations. The validity of the HEI-OA was assessed by four ideal diets, Mann-Whitney's test, Spearman's correlation analysis and Cronbach's coefficient. Content validity of the HEI-OA was confirmed by the maximum score for diets recommended to older adults and by the score between groups with known differences in diet quality. The HEI-OA total score did not correlate with total energy intake (TEI - total energy value: r = -0.141, p > 0.05). The total HEI-OA score showed a statistically significant correlation with several nutrients. These correlations allowed identifying that these nutrients are closely related to the components of the HEI-OA. The internal consistency value for the HEI-OA total score was 0.327, similar to the 2005 and 2010 versions of the HEI. The HEI was successfully adapted for use with older adults, presenting validity and reliability. The HEI-OA can be used to assess diet quality in line with international dietary guidelines for healthy aging.

Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Pola Pangan Harapan pada Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Ngijo Kota Semarang

A diverse food composition indicates good quality in the consumption pattern of the community. Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) is an indicator to assess the nutritional quality and diversity of food consumption in the community, so that the results can be the basis for evaluation in building food security. This study aims to analyze the achievement level of DDP in households and analyze the factors that influence it. The research location is Ngijo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City. The research method used is a survey with quota sampling of 80 housewives. The data collection methods used are 2 x 24-hour food recall, interviews, and observations. Data analysis used are DDP analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that Ngijo Village had a DDP score of 85,07 and was classified as a good category in describing the diversity and quality of household food consumption patterns in it. Simultaneously, the variables of household income, number of household members, education of housewives, age of housewives, land utilization, and nutritional knowledge of housewives have an influence on the DDP score. While partially, the variables that influence the DDP score are household income, housewife education, and housewife nutritional knowledge.

The association between vitamin E intake and hepatic steatosis in general and obese populations

PurposeUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and employing Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) measures, this study explores the correlation between vitamin E (VE) intake and hepatic steatosis and its impact on different subsets.Materials and methodsWe selected 5757 participants with CAP data from the 2017–2020 NHANES dataset. Daily VE intake was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall. Hepatic fat content was quantified using transient elastography to measure CAP. Stratified multivariable regression analysis investigated relationships in different subsets, and a generalized additive model identified nonlinear relationships and thresholds.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, higher VE intake correlated with lower CAP levels. Subgroup analyses and tests for interaction revealed a significantly stronger negative correlation between VE intake and CAP in obese individuals. Further analysis indicated a curvilinear relationship between VE intake and the severity of liver fat degeneration in both the general study population and the obese subgroup, demonstrating a threshold effect. In the general population, VE intake below the threshold (6.58 mg/day) is positively correlated with CAP levels, whereas intake above this threshold shows a negative correlation. For obese individuals, the threshold is set at 7.37 mg/day, above which the negative correlation with CAP is even more pronounced.ConclusionOur study revealed a negative correlation between VE intake and hepatic fat content, highlighting the potentially crucial role VE plays in obese fatty liver patients. Importantly, we identified threshold effects of VE intake in both general and obese populations. Our results support clinical nutritional interventions, personalized dietary guidance, and the development of drugs to combat fatty liver.

Exploring dietary habits: a study of food consumption patterns among school children aged 10-16 in Mysuru

Background: Diet plays an important role in the growth and development of children. Poor diet in children in Mysuru is linked to future health risks. This study examines the eating habits of children aged 10-16 years to create better food recommendations for children in preventing future consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mysuru district. Data from 126 students aged 10-16 years from 2 schools were collected using A semi-structured food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on dietary intake developed based on a 24-hour recall method and included items on demographic data, frequency of meal consumption in different food categories, and food frequency data. Anthropometric measurements were done. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Among the students, most consume rice and idli daily; dosa and khichdi frequently. Pasta, puffed rice, and legumes are less common. Milk and milk products vary, with coffee/tea and paneer often consumed once a month. Fruits like apples, bananas, and grapes are consumed twice a week, while sweet lime, mango, and orange are mostly monthly. Boiled eggs and chicken are often bi-weekly; fish, beef, red meat, and prawns/crab are mostly consumed once a month or less. Biscuits and gobi are frequently consumed weekly; cakes, French fries, samosas, pizza, and chocolates are mainly consumed monthly. Conclusions: This study observes the dietary habits of Mysuru students (aged 10-16), to understand nutritional status and frequency of food consumption aiding targeted interventions to promote healthier eating and reduce chronic disease risk.

Comparisons and correlations of 1-month recall vs 24-hour recall in patient-reported outcomes of an exploratory, phase 2b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of sildenafil cream, 3.6% for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder.

Efficacy assessments in clinical trials of treatments for female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) and other female sexual dysfunction (FSD) diagnoses rely on various patient-reported outcomes (PROs). We sought to compare 1-month recall PRO measures among participants enrolled in a clinical trial who provided these data without (test population) vs with (control population) use of an at-home, 24-hour recall electronic diary (eDiary), capturing similar data. Preplanned subset analysis as performed during a phase 2b, exploratory, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of sildenafil cream, 3.6% (sildenafil cream) among healthy premenopausal women with FSAD. Preliminary product efficacy was assessed via 1-month recall and 24-hour recall questionnaires. A subset of the participants, the Evaluation of Recall Subset [ERS] provided PROs via the 1-month recall instruments but did not provide data via the 24-hour recall eDiary. Responses to the 1-month recall instruments were compared among ERS (test) vs non-ERS (control) participants. Among the non-ERS population, correlations between 1-month and 24-hour recall endpoints were calculated. There were no significant differences in the study co-primary 1-month recall efficacy endpoints, the Arousal Sensation (AS) domain of the 28-item Sexual Function Questionnaire (SFQ28) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale - Desire, Arousal, Orgasm question 14, among ERS vs non-ERS participants during the initial 1-month no-drug run-in period or the 1-month single-blind placebo run-in period (P values > .47). Scores on these 1-month recall PROs continued to be similar after randomization for sildenafil cream (P values > .30) and placebo cream (P values > .20) assigned ERS and non-ERS participants during the 3-month double-blind dosing period. There were strong correlations between the SFQ28 AS and eDiary AS scores during the no-drug run-in (R= 0.79, P< .01) and the single-blind run-in (R= 0.73 P< .001). During the double-blind dosing period, the SFQ28 AS score continued to be highly correlated with the eDiary AS score among sildenafil cream users (R= 0.83; P< .001) and placebo cream users (R= 0.8; 2 P< .001). There was no evidence that 1-month recall PRO instruments introduce recall bias; assessing arousal sensations with 24-hour vs 1-month PRO instruments is similar and either method could be used to assess efficacy depending on study objectives. This preplanned subset analysis compared efficacy of PROs based on recall duration. While the subset was preplanned, the study was powered to detect significant differences in the primary efficacy objectives, not among this subset analyses. These data will be used in planning future efficacy assessments of sildenafil cream for FSAD. This clinical trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04948151.

Mean of Daily Versus Single Week Recall-Based Pain Quality Assessments in Neuropathic Pain Trials: Implications for Assay Sensitivity

Patients with neuropathic pain often present with variable pain and nonpainful sensory qualities that could serve as outcomes in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). This study aimed to investigate the within-participant variability in the severity of these sensory qualities and whether the means of 7 daily pain quality assessments provide better assay sensitivity (ie, more sensitivity to treatment effects) than single-week recall-based assessments. This secondary analysis used data from an RCT of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (N = 142). Participants rated the severity of painful and nonpainful sensory qualities using 0 to 10 numeric rating scales daily for 1 week (24-hour recall) and 1 time at the end of each week (week recall) at trial baseline and endpoint (after 6 weeks of treatment). For pain quality assay sensitivity analyses, the 2 types of measures were used to 1) define the study sample (ie, how many participants met minimum baseline pain quality severity) and 2) calculate the observed effect sizes (ie, between-group differences in mean pain qualities) using analysis of covariances. The projected sample sizes required to detect the observed effect sizes in future clinical trials for hot/burning pain and cramping were substantially smaller using the daily mean outcome compared with week recall (ie, hot/burning pain: 153 vs 388, cramping: 121 vs 349), and only marginally larger for sharp/shooting pain (22 participants) with the daily mean outcome. Compared with single-week recall-based assessments of pain qualities, the mean of daily assessments may improve RCT assay sensitivity when used to define entry criteria and assess outcomes. PerspectiveThis study suggests that means of daily pain quality assessments may improve assay sensitivity when used to define entry criteria and assess outcomes in clinical trials. This work may inform design of future clinical trials evaluating the intensity of different pain qualities.

Validation of a digital food frequency questionnaire for the Northern Sweden Diet Database

BackgroundDietary habits strongly influence health, with poor diets contributing to numerous deaths annually. Addressing this requires improved dietary habits and consistent monitoring thereof. In northern Sweden, a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been used for decades, but trends show that its ability to accurately measure intake has diminished. With changing eating habits and food supply, updating the FFQ was crucial, leading to the development of FFQ2020. This study assessed FFQ2020’s relative validity using 24-hour recalls and evaluated its reproducibility.MethodsParticipants were recruited from one of the northern-Sweden population-based health screenings and by advertising. Food intake was registered in an electronic food frequency questionnaire (FFQ2020) (test instrument) and reference data were obtained by six repeated electronic 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDR). Intakes of single foods were aggregated into food groups and healthy diet index scores, and daily energy and nutrient intakes were estimated. Results from the two methods were described and tested in univariate analyses and correlation tests, Bland Altman plots, cross-classification validity, and intra-class correlation analyses.ResultsTotally, 628 adults were invited to participate in the study. Of these, 320 joined, and 244 completed at least four 24HDRs. The median intakes in food groups, as well as the mean index scores and estimated nutrient intakes, were largely similar between the FFQ2020 and 24HDR recordings. The correlation coefficients between the two assessments ranged from 0.253 to 0.693 for food groups, 0.520 to 0.614 for diet indices, and 0.340 to 0.629 for energy and nutrients. Intra-class correlation coefficients indicated at least good reproducibility for intakes of food groups, diet index scores, and nutrients. Generally, Bland-Altman plots did not reveal any gross systematic disagreement between the two methods for any of the assessments. However, there were single observations located outside the upper or lower 95% confidence interval (CI) limits for the difference between FFQ2020 and the 24HDR recordings.ConclusionIn concert, the results suggest that the relative validity and reproducibility of FFQ2020 are acceptable for trend analyses and group comparisons in large-scale studies but also that extended reference periods would improve the precision of less frequently consumed foods.

Low-fat yogurt consumption maintains biomarkers of immune function relative to nondairy control food in women with elevated BMI: A randomized controlled crossover trial

Yogurt consumption may help reduce chronic inflammation associated with obesity. However, the underlying mechanism(s) by which yogurt consumption modulates the immune system have not been validated in human intervention studies. We hypothesized that 4-week yogurt consumption (12 oz/day) attenuates systemic inflammation by modulating the proportion of circulating T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in adult women with elevated body mass index (BMI). To test the hypothesis, we conducted a randomized crossover dietary intervention study consisted of a 4-week dietary intervention in which participants consumed 12 oz of either low-fat dairy yogurt or a soy pudding control snack per day, with a 4-week washout between treatments. Thirty-nine healthy adult women with a BMI between 25 and 40 kg/m2 were enrolled and 20 completed the study. Changes in the biometrics, circulating T cells, and markers of systemic and colonic inflammation were assessed between the 2 treatment groups, as well as 24-hour diet recalls were conducted at baseline and following each treatment. The primary study outcome, the change in the proportion of circulating Th17 cells, was unaffected by the treatments. Secondary outcome measures, circulating Treg, Th17, and markers of chronic inflammation, were maintained by yogurt treatment, whereas circulating Treg was increased and interleukin-10 was reduced by control snack treatment. However, circulating Treg changes were not associated with changes to other biomarkers of inflammation, implying other immune cells and/or tissues may mediate circulating biomarkers of chronic inflammation. This study was approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison institutional review board and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04149418.

Association of breakfast skipping on nutrient intake and adiposity in Malaysian children: Findings from SEANUTS II

Malaysian children often skip breakfast, an important meal providing essential nutrients for optimal growth and maintaining proper nutritional status. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the associations between breakfast skipping with dietary intake, diet quality, and adiposity indicators among primary schoolchildren aged 6.0–12.9 years. This study involved 1383 children from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS II) Malaysia. Information collected through questionnaires included sociodemography and breakfast consumption, defined as the first meal before noon. Breakfast skipping was identified as skipping breakfast at least once a week. Anthropometric measures, including height, body weight, and waist circumference, as well as percentage of body fat, were collected. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio were calculated, and BMI-for-age-z-scores was determined using WHO (2007) growth reference. A one-day 24-hour dietary recall was employed to assess dietary intake, and diet quality was analyzed using Malaysian Healthy Eating Index. Binary logistic regression was applied to examine relationship between breakfast skipping on diet quality and adiposity indicators. Over one-third (36.0%) of children skipped breakfast at least once a week, resulting in lower intakes of energy, nutrients, cereals/grains, vegetables, and milk/dairy products, though not affecting total diet quality score. Breakfast skipping was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity (aOR 2.04, 95%CI: 1.52–2.76) and central obesity (aOR 1.87, 95%CI 1.34–2.61). In conclusion, primary schoolchildren in Peninsular Malaysia who skipped breakfast tended to have lower consumption of nutrients and specific basic food groups, as well as increased body fat. This study highlights the importance of continuing to educate parents and children about healthy eating habits, especially the need to adhere to dietary recommendations, with an emphasis on breakfast consumption.

Consumption of sugary beverages, genetic predisposition and the risk of depression: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe associations between sugary beverages and genetic predisposition to depression risk remain unclear.AimsThis study aimed to investigate the associations of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and natural juices...

Hygienic assessment of dietary intake of saturated fatty acids and trans isomers of fatty acids

Introduction. An imbalance of the fat component of the diet is one of the most common violations of the population nutrition in developed countries, leading to the risk of occurring nutrition-dependent pathologies due to hyperlipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia. A special role in the formation of risk is played by an excess of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (TFA). Materials and methods. Actual nutrition was studied by reproduction method with three times 24-hour recall. Based on the research results, the content of SFA and TFA was calculated, and their main sources were determined. Three hundred fourteen students of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University took part in the study. Gender and age groups of respondents were analyzed separately. Results. The intake of SFA at the level of normal physiological needs was registered in only 7.6% of students. At the same time, 80% of respondents had a significant excess of both total fat and SFA; an adequate level of TFA intake was noted in 80% of students, and a significant excess of this indicator was registered only in 13.3% of respondents. A significant quantitative increase in SFAs was noted with the additional inclusion of processed products in the diet, including those with hidden fat. Excessive consumption of TFA is associated with the inclusion of rich confectionery products containing hydrogenated fats in the diet. Limitations. The study has age and regional restrictions: young 18–29 years people living in the Moscow region, as well as restrictions on the analyzed indicators: SFA and TFA supplied with the diet. Conclusions. A significant risk of developing nutrition-dependent non-infectious diseases is observed in 52.9% of respondents with an SFA content in the diet of more than 150% of the norm, and the maximum risk is in 13.3% of students receiving a combined excess of SFA and TFA. The results of the study confirm the need to correct the diets of students in terms of the fat component.

Seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity: results from a Nationwide Cohort Study

Background & aimsObesity has been linked to various detrimental health consequences. While there is established evidence of a negative correlation between seafood consumption and obesity in adults, the current research on the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity in a Chinese nationwide cohort.MethodsWe utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from the year of 1997 to 2015. Seafood consumption was evaluated through 3-day 24-hour recalls. In our study, overweight/obesity status was determined based on the Chinese Criteria of Overweight and Obesity in School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586–2018), while abdominal obesity status was determined according to the Chinese Criteria of Waist Circumference Screening Threshold among Children and Adolescents (WS/T 611–2018).ResultsDuring an average follow-up of 7.9 years, 404 cases developed overweight/obesity among 2206 participants in the seafood-overweight/obesity analysis, while 381 cases developed abdominal obesity among 2256 participants in the seafood-abdominal-obesity analysis. The high-consumer group was associated with 35% lower risk of overweight/obesity risk and 26% lower risk of abdominal obesity after fully adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, compared with the non-consumer group. Considering different cooking methods, boiled seafood consumption was associated with 43% lower risk of overweight/obesity and 23% lower risk of abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted model, while stir-fried seafood did not demonstrate a statistical significance.ConclusionHigher intake of seafood in childhood/adolescents, particularly in a boiled way, was associated with lower obesity risk.