Textbooks continue to serve as essential central repositories of knowledge for postgraduate education in paediatric cardiology, despite the widespread availability of digital learning tools. Recent studies confirm that trainees still value textbooks for their structure, depth, and accessibility, while also requesting improved pedagogy and organisation. In preparing the 5th edition of Anderson's Pediatric Cardiology, our editorial team implemented several deliberate educational innovations. These included (1) re-focusing towards our target audience, the congenital cardiac trainee and practicing congenital cardiologist; (2) adoption of a consistent lesion-based framework, termed the "red line," linking anatomy, physiology, and clinical features; (3) expansion of concise visual elements such as tables, figures, algorithms, and flowcharts; and (4) incorporation of clear learning objectives throughout. These modifications were informed by feedback from trainees, educators, and practicing providers, balancing the desires and needs of the modern learner, and firmly grounded in principles of cognitive and educational science. This paper outlines the rationale, design, and pedagogical implications of these innovations within the broader context of modern medical education.

Climate change is the greatest health threat of the 21st century, with healthcare contributing approximately 4–5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonising healthcare, the deliberate reduction of emissions across all healthcare activities, is essential to reduce the health sector’s environmental impact while maintaining equitable, high-quality care. Preparing future health professionals for sustainable, low-carbon practice is increasingly recognised as critical; however, education on healthcare decarbonisation remains inconsistent and weakly embedded in curricula. This scoping review mapped existing educational resources for pre-registration health profession students. Following the JBI methodology, six databases (Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and GreenFILE) were searched in April 2025 (updated in October 2025). Data were thematically analysed. In total, 32 studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 17 mixed-methods, 11 quantitative, and 4 qualitative designs. Most interventions were multimodal, addressing sustainability or climate change through simulation, digital, formal, or didactic methods. Knowledge and attitudes were the most frequently evaluated outcomes. Thematic analysis identified knowledge and awareness, attitudes and emotional responses, behavioural intent and action, identity formation through collaborative learning, and barriers to decarbonisation. Findings suggest that blended, interactive, and technology-enhanced education improves knowledge, attitudes, and identity, but sustained impact requires longitudinal, skills-based, and policy-aligned interventions to drive meaningful healthcare decarbonisation action.

Mathematics education in the 21st century takes place within an educational environment characterized by significant social, pedagogical, and technological transformations, requiring a reevaluation of teaching and learning methods to meet current demands. This study aims to examine the pedagogical and technological approaches that influence mathematics teaching in education today. The research was conducted using a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, through a comprehensive review of the scientific literature available in recognized academic databases, considering criteria of currency, relevance, and methodological rigor. The findings show that incorporating active pedagogical strategies, such as problem-based learning, teamwork, and inclusive education, along with the use of digital technological tools such as online platforms, mathematics software, and interactive environments promotes the development of logical thinking, conceptual understanding, and student motivation. Furthermore, obstacles related to teacher training and equal access to technology are identified. It is concluded that a suitable teaching methodology for mathematics in the 21st century needs a coherent connection between sound pedagogical principles and a critical use of educational technology, in order to improve the quality of learning

Global pandemics have become one of the most significant threats to human health, economic stability, and social order in the twenty-first century. The rapid spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, Ebola, Zika, SARS, and influenza has exposed major weaknesses in traditional public health systems, particularly in surveillance, diagnostics, prevention, and response capacity. Factors such as globalization, climate change, urbanization, and increased human–animal interaction have further intensified the frequency and impact of pandemics, making conventional control measures alone insufficient. This article explores the role of biotechnology and nanotechnology as next-generation defenses in global pandemic preparedness and response. Advances in biotechnology, such as genomic surveillance, molecular diagnostics, mRNA vaccine platforms, monoclonal antibodies, and precision medicine have enabled rapid pathogen identification, accelerated vaccine development, and targeted therapeutic strategies. These innovations allow public health systems to move from reactive outbreak management toward proactive and predictive disease control. In parallel, nanotechnology contributes through highly sensitive nanoscale diagnostics, biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, improved vaccine stability, and targeted drug delivery systems, particularly benefiting low-resource and decentralized settings. The article also examines the integration of these technologies into public health infrastructures using digital health platforms, artificial intelligence, and bioinformatics to support real-time data analysis and coordinated decision-making. Ethical, regulatory, and governance challenges including equity, intellectual property, data privacy, biosafety, and biosecurity are critically discussed, emphasizing the need for fair access and global collaboration. Overall, the convergence of biotechnology and nanotechnology offers transformative potential to strengthen health system resilience. When supported by ethical governance, public trust, and international cooperation, these technologies can significantly enhance global preparedness and protection against future pandemics.

Background: The Rohingya refugee crisis is one of the largest humanitarian emergencies of the 21st century, with nearly one million Rohingya residing in overcrowded camps in southern Bangladesh. Women and children face the greatest vulnerabilities, including inadequate access to education and healthcare, which exacerbates their risks and limits opportunities for personal and community development. While international organizations continue to provide aid, resources remain insufficient, particularly in maternal and child healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable interventions. Objectives: The Hope Foundation for Women and Children in Bangladesh launched a pilot project for the Health Assistant Training (HAT) program to address critical gaps in healthcare and education for the Rohingya community. This nine-month training program equips young Rohingya women with essential knowledge and skills to support maternal health services in both clinical and community settings. Design: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the HAT Program to explore its acceptance and anticipated benefits for both participants and the community. Methods: The research team used semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field observations to explore the HAT Program’s impact on young Rohingya women and their community. They analyzed data through thematic analysis, developing a coding framework and identifying key themes to uncover patterns and insights. Results: The results were categorized into four themes: (1) community acceptance of the HAT Program, (2) the HAT Program’s impact on the health assistant trainees, (3) the impact of the HAT Program on the community, and (4) the potential ways to expand the HAT Program. Conclusions: This research underscores the program’s impact on improving healthcare access, enhancing women’s empowerment, and promoting community resilience. By situating this initiative within the broader context of refugee health, education, and capacity-building, this research highlights the HAT program’s potential as a replicable model in Bangladesh and in other humanitarian settings.

Information and communication technology has a very significant place in the education process that involves teachers and instruction. This paper therefore, focuses on the challenges and prospects of ICT integration in the teaching and learning process and use of ICT in Nigeria education system. The paper further explore the place of ICT in teaching and learning, importance of ICT integration in education and theoretical models for successful implementation of ICT in teacher education which include the transmission models which concerns itself with drill and practice, the learner centered model, which emphasizes the learner to be given the opportunity to explore and discover concepts on the ir own while the participatory model advocates for learning activities to be carried out in social environments. The paper therefore concludes that everything of human endeavor is at the mercy of ICT tools. This is because ICT has been commonly accepted and proven to been engine for the 21st century and beyond as it is capable of charting the economic, religion, cultural, legal and social life of nations, particularly that of emerging economics through speedy information transmission, high level decision making reduced cost in resources and vast opportunities for information sharing which is accepted as an imperative pattern. This therefore calls for proper teacher training in ICT in this era and its subsequent application in instructional delivery .This paper therefore, recommend among others that integration of ICT in teacher education should be the focus of government, as the will not only increase the quantity of teaching and learning in schools and colleges but also bring about motivation of the young children to learn.

Respiratory viral infections pose a serious public health issue resulting in high morbidity and mortality, as well as profound socioeconomic losses. Therefore, it accounts for a need to research respiratory viral infections immunopathogenesis, development of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs, as well as measures to monitor viral infections. The aim of the review is to analyze current methods for modeling respiratory viral infections ex vivo. Material and methods. There were analyzed current data regarding development and application of models based on primary epithelial cells (PECs) derived from various anatomical sites of the human respiratory tract (RT) and 3D cell cultures. For this, there were assessed 158 publications retrieved from the main databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar and RSCI until January 2025) by querying the keywords: respiratory viruses; primary airway epithelium cultures; organoids; immunopathogenesis; tropism; cellular receptors; cytokines. Results and discussion. The analysis showed that models based on PECC are widely used in virological studies of respiratory viral infections, which, however, is coupled to certain disadvantages. More advanced are RT 3D models (organoids or mini-organs, spheroids, “organs on a chip”), which allow not only to reproduce infectious processes, but also to study immunopathogenesis taking into account the immunometabolic and immunoneurological status. Using RT PECs and 3D models, the properties of a number of respiratory viruses actual in the first quarter of the XXI century (influenza and parainfluenza, pneumoviruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, bocaviruses, adenoviruses) such as tissue tropism, receptor interactions and innate immune response were assessed. Moreover, we also present information on promising models for respiratory viral infections that reproduce essential aspects of RT physiology. Conclusion. The primary biotechnological aim for virological studies of respiratory viral infections is to generate a multiparameter, reproducible and cost-effective RT modeling system that imitates its morphological and functional structure.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century, characterised by insidious onset, progressive cognitive decline, and profound socioeconomic burden. Conventional diagnostic approaches often identify AD at advanced stages, limiting the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer transformative potential in the early detection and prediction of AD by leveraging vast, complex datasets spanning neuroimaging, genetic profiles, electrophysiological signals, and clinical assessments. AI-driven algorithms excel at pattern recognition, enabling the identification of subtle biomarkers and prodromal indicators long before clinical symptoms manifest. Moreover, predictive models powered by ML facilitate risk stratification, individualised prognosis, and precision-guided interventions, laying the groundwork for timely disease-modifying strategies. Integrating multimodal data from MRI and PET scans with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and digital cognitive tests further enhances diagnostic accuracy and predictive power. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including data heterogeneity, algorithmic transparency, ethical considerations, and the need for rigorous clinical validation. Nonetheless, the convergence of neuroscience, computational modelling, and digital health promises a paradigm shift in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Harnessing AI and ML not only holds the potential to significantly redefine early detection but also to reshape research, clinical care, and policymaking in the fight against this devastating disorder.

ABSTRACT This special issue of The History of the Family investigates how environmental and social stressors shape human biology, behaviour, and demographic outcomes across historical populations. Stress, understood as the body’s nonspecific response to challenges that disrupt internal equilibrium, emerges from events such as wars, epidemics, famines, natural disasters, and socioeconomic crises. When experienced during critical developmental windows, particularly in prenatal life, stress can modify growth trajectories, physiological functions, and long-term health profiles, often producing intergenerational effects. Historical evidence presented in this issue demonstrates these dynamics. Epidemics in nineteenth-century Poznań, Transylvania, and the Ottoman Empire significantly altered marriage patterns and mortality structures, while fluctuations in the secondary sex ratio at birth reflected complex interactions among maternal conditions, social environments, and reproductive biology. In western Catalonia, the agrarian depression of the late nineteenth century triggered convergence in adult stature, with individuals from lower-status groups catching up to those from higher-status backgrounds. In Bohemia, increased mobility among elite families corresponded with reduced child survival, revealing how environmental and structural constraints may override social privilege. Collectively, the studies highlight the complexity, heterogeneity, and context dependency of human responses to stress. These historical insights resonate strongly with contemporary concerns: modern stressors, including climate change, environmental degradation, and armed conflict, continue to shape infant health, survival, and social inequality. By integrating biological, demographic, and social perspectives across past and present, this issue underscores the cumulative and multifactorial nature of environmental stress and its socially differentiated impacts. Such interdisciplinary approaches offer valuable guidance for public health, social policy, and resilience-building strategies in the twenty-first century, demonstrating how environmental and social stressors influence growth, reproduction, survival, and family dynamics, while revealing both human vulnerability and resilience.

Religious literacy is a crucial competency for individuals in the twenty-first century, particularly in responding to the rapid development of digital technology that significantly influences religious understanding, attitudes, and practices. Nevertheless, Indonesia continues to face challenges related to low levels of literacy, including religious literacy and digital literacy among students. This study aims to examine and analyze the role of teachers in cultivating digital religious literacy among students in the twenty-first century so that they are able to engage with digital religious information in a critical, ethical, and responsible manner. The research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by analyzing various academic sources, including reputable journal articles, scholarly books, official regulations, trusted websites, and other relevant literature related to religious literacy, digital literacy, and the role of teachers in education. The findings indicate that teachers play a strategic role in developing digital religious literacy through curriculum integration, the application of critical digital pedagogy, modeling ethical behavior in digital media use, and guiding students in evaluating the credibility of religious information in digital spaces. Furthermore, teachers contribute to fostering students’ reflective abilities, religious moderation, and tolerance within digital religious discourse. The implications of this study highlight the importance of strengthening teachers’ digital and religious competencies through continuous professional development to address the challenges of digital religious literacy in the digital era.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the ways the memoir A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (AHBWOSG) represents the author Dave Eggers’ experience of middle-class downward mobility during a moment of economic upheaval. It considers how downward mobility forces Eggers to engage with a new culture of white collar work characterised by precarity and employability. Beyond narrative content, I argue, these themes determine the book’s formal and stylistic investments. Scholarship on the book has tended to treat these formal investments as the result of Eggers’ psychological trauma following the loss of his parents. Instead, this article suggests that the loss is also material, pushing Eggers briefly into financial hardship, at a moment in US history when Social Security was being replaced by employability programmes. On the one hand, AHBWOSG reveals how the logics of employability have imbued the contemporary memoir form. On the other, the text demonstrates how work in the twenty-first century has itself become increasingly autobiographical, with the worker expected to craft a life narrative for their ‘self-brand’.

Introduction: Global climate change has caused an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme rain events, including in Jambi Province which is vulnerable due to geographical conditions, land use intensity and the dominance of the plantation sector. Extreme rain events have the potential to cause flooding, damage infrastructure and disrupt food security, resulting in future climate projections to support mitigation and adaptation efforts. . Objective: The aim of the research is to project changes in extreme climate indices and analyze their spatial distribution patterns and impacts. Methods: The data used includes observed rainfall from 41 BMKG rain posts, CHIRPS reanalysis data, and CMIP6 model data for historical and projection periods. Results and Discussion: The research results show that most extreme rainfall indices have increased until the end of the 21st century. Intensity indices such as PRCPTot, RX1day, RX5day, R95p, and R99p show a significant upward trend, indicating an increase in very heavy rain events. Conclusion: Spatially, the central region is the area most vulnerable to increased rainfall extremes.

Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, influencing ecosystems, biodiversity, and human societies. Microbial communities play a central yet often underappreciated role in regulating Earth’s climate through their involvement in biogeochemical cycles, including carbon sequestration, nitrogen fixation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their rapid response to environmental changes, microbial ecosystems serve as early indicators of climatic perturbations. However, the intrinsic complexity, diversity, and high dimensionality of microbial datasets pose significant challenges for conventional analytical approaches. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning and deep learning techniques, have demonstrated exceptional potential in modelling non-linear, high-dimensional biological systems. This paper presents a comprehensive AI-based framework for analysing microbial community data to predict climate impacts. By integrating metagenomic sequencing data with environmental variables, the proposed approach leverages unsupervised learning for microbial pattern discovery, supervised deep learning models for climate-variable prediction, and explainable AI techniques to enhance interpretability. The study highlights how AI-driven microbial analysis can significantly improve prediction accuracy of climate-related parameters such as soil carbon flux, methane emissions, and ecosystem resilience under climate stress. Results indicate that AI models outperform traditional statistical techniques and provide meaningful ecological insights. This research establishes a robust interdisciplinary framework that bridges microbiology, climate science, and artificial intelligence, contributing to improved climate forecasting, environmental monitoring, and sustainable policy formulation.

ABSTRACT While extensive research has focused on the dissemination of the Yijing in the German and English-speaking worlds, its translation and reception in Spain remains underexplored. This study examines the textual and non-textual paratexts of 21 Spanish translations of the Yijing published between 1971 and 2023 to investigate their reception in Spain. The findings indicate that the Yijing has been predominantly accepted through divinatory practices framed within popular cultural paradigms, while its multidimensional scholarly and theoretical value as a Chinese classical text remained relatively neglected. Furthermore, the study has observed a dynamic evolution during its reception history. Since the twenty-first century, the Orientalist perspective once presented has increasingly been complemented by interpretations that respect the intellectual, cultural, historical, and philosophical dimensions of the original text. This paper not only demonstrates how these characteristics are intrinsically linked to the prevailing indirectness in Yijing translations in Spain, but also sheds light on the socio-historical rationale behind this indirectness. More importantly, from a Spanish perspective on the global dissemination of the Yijing, this study illustrates how indirect translation practices, paratextual strategies, and socio-historical contexts shape its cross-cultural circulation and interpretative framing of Chinese classical texts.

This paper examines old community gardens as an example of Everyday Urbanism in two small Lithuanian towns. While academic interest in newly created community gardens in Central and Eastern European countries is growing, old community gardens remain largely absent from academic discourse. To analyse the social and spatial factors essential to their development in Grigiškės and Plungė, scientific literature, statistical data and land use maps from socialist period master plans were used. Additionally, contemporary master plans and other urban planning documents were analysed, alongside interviews, to discuss the current context of old community gardens and explore their potential future trajectories. The results indicate that old community gardens were established during the socialist period, primarily due to the rural backgrounds of new urban residents. These gardens were created informally on vacant land next to blocks of flats, land that has remained undeveloped to this day due to multiple factors throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Although they are not officially recognised, the future development of old community gardens in Grigiškės and Plungė may differ based on varying attitudes from local government and their specific locations. These gardens exemplify the diverse and informal nature of Everyday Urbanism, highlighting the need for a more flexible approach to their preservation and integration into urban planning.

The Berlin anti-Semitism controversy of the 1880s contains numerous elements that have also played a role in connection with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the Querdenken movement. The anti-Semitism controversy is characterized by the spread of false information that has been scientifically refuted. However, this refutation had only a limited effect. This also applies to false narratives on pandemic-related topics that have been and continue to be spread by Querdenkern.

Krill is a central organism in the food web of many marine ecosystems and eastern boundary current upwelling regions specifically. Here, a superensemble of climate and ecological models is used to determine drivers of future change, variability, and uncertainty in krill abundance for the California Current. While krill is projected to slowly decrease throughout the 21st century, the long-term trend consistently exceeds natural variability only under extreme warming. Similarly, unprecedented low krill years are expected to progressively increase, but their frequency of occurrence will depend on background abundances tied to low-frequency climate variability. The relative contributions of warming rate and ecological model formulation to projected uncertainty are comparable and reflect latitudinal changes in the magnitude of climate forcing and availability of empirical data to parameterize krill models. This finding highlights the fact that uncertainty in climate change impacts on coastal upwelling ecosystems may depend as strongly on model formulation as they do on anthropogenic forcing. Furthermore, the increasingly divergent krill model responses outside of the core domain for which they were originally implemented advocate for regionally tailored projections and models to reduce overall uncertainty. By identifying and quantifying uncertainty sources in future krill abundance across relevant time scales, the present study lays the foundation for understanding how the superposition of long-term trends, low-frequency variability, and extreme events may lead to unprecedented ecosystem states, and for assessing their broader impacts on altered presence, distribution, and recovery of species that directly or indirectly depend on krill.

Objective: To assess how much taboos and myths among people are the reasons for neglect towards dental treatment. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study carried out among patients visiting the outpatient department of a dental hospital in Nagpur, Vidarbha, Maharashtra. A self-administered validated questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the reasons for patients to neglect dental treatment. The Data was analyzed using Statistical package for social sciences software. Results: Out of 152 outpatients only 16(10.7%) had come for a general checkup of the teeth; rest136 (89.3%) had some or the other issues with their teeth but had neglected it for the following reasons- out of these 136, 103 (75.7%) of the patients reported that they were having some myth about dental treatments and feared not to report their problem until it was an extremely unbearable. Conclusion: Even in this 21st century in a well-developed metro city like Nagpur Maharastra more than three-fourth of people believed visit for a dental treatment would hamper their general health, and had myths regarding dental treatments, efforts should be directed towards removal of these myths from patient’s mind; in which media has to play a major role for a better future of this country.

Abstract Iran is one of the most stigmatised countries of the twenty-first century: having been sanctioned by the US since 1979, the Islamic Republic was declared part of the ‘axis of evil’ by President George W. Bush in 2002, and from 2006 onwards, it has been subject to multilateral, comprehensive and wide-reaching economic sanctions. In June 2025, this discursive and economic attack on Iran transitioned to direct military bombardment. For the United States and its allies, Iran is a pariah state. This stigmatisation of Iran is an example of the kinds of practices that contribute to the social construction of the international order, whereby some countries are designated as ‘inside’ and others as ‘outside’ the community of established states. Needless to say, Iran has been placed firmly in the ‘outside’ category ever since 1979. At the same time as accepting and even at times embracing this ‘outsider’ status, however, Iran has also sought to raise its own international standing and to be accepted as an ‘insider’.

Placed in the broader discourse on Intercultural Citizenship Education (ICitE) this study explores the anticipated impact of bilingual education (BE) on intercultural competence (IC) and global civic orientations associated with intercultural citizenship (ICit) among students in their final year of secondary school (4th-year ESO) in Spain, focusing on differences in perceptions between bilingual and non-bilingual participants. A quantitative methodology was employed, utilising a closed-ended validated questionnaire administered to 2187 students from bilingual and non-bilingual settings across the whole country. The results reveal that bilingual students perceive BE as beneficial for their IC, whereas their monolingual counterparts assign less such utility to BE. We conclude that even though intercultural education is not explicitly taught in the curriculum, it is implicit in bilingual education programmes due to the positioning of the additional language as a medium and lived daily practice with tangible outcomes rather than an academic requirement. We also discovered that within the bilingual students’ group there are lower expectations regarding BE’s impact on the anticipated development of their global civic identity compared to intercultural awareness. The findings indicate that BE offers a context naturally conducive to IC development and has potential for fostering ICit which appears to be untapped. This study has implications for the discussion on the role of BE in education for the 21st century and urges stakeholders to address BE affordances for nurturing ICit by adding the critical citizenship component to it as proposed in the Intercultural Citizenship Education framework.