2-propanol Solution Research Articles

Fire suppression efficiency of water mists containing organic solvents

This paper investigates the fire-suppression ability of water mists containing various organic solvents—ethanol, 1-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, methyl acetate, and 1,2-dimethyoxyethane—which form minimum-boiling azeotropic mixtures with water. The key factors influencing the suppression efficiencies of the solvent-containing water mists were elucidated by measuring the evaporation rates, flash points, extinguishing times, and spray properties (droplet-size distribution, spray mass-flux density, and droplet velocity) of the mists. Suppression trials indicated that (i) heptane pool fires can be extinguished by aqueous solutions of ethanol and 1-propanol at solvent concentrations of 1.0–20.0 vol%, but are not consistently extinguished by the other three solvents, and (ii) the extinguishing times of aqueous ethanol and 1-propanol (despite their high flammability) are significantly shorter than those of a wet chemical (i.e., conventional fire-extinguishing agent). In a stepwise regression analysis, the fire-suppression abilities of water mists containing ethanol and 1-propanol were positively related to the spray flux density, spray velocity, and flash point, enabling an estimation of the extinguishing times. A correlation analysis demonstrated that a faster evaporation rate improves the fire-suppression ability. The results confirmed that ethanol and 1-propanol are effective additives to fire-extinguishing water mists. The study findings provide useful insights into the development of new water-mist fire suppressants, potentially making a large contribution to the reduction of fire-related fatalities and economic losses in industries.

Effects of organic solvents on morphologies, photoluminescence, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanostructures

Employing organo-metal zinc acetylacetonate (Zn(acac)2) as the zincic source, various zinc oxide (ZnO) products with different morphologies have been synthesised via a typical solvothermal method in different polar organic solvents. Quasi-spherical and rod-like structures with diverse sizes are successfully fabricated in the methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, and acetone solutions of NaOH, respectively. Moreover, their microstructures and morphologies have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy. A possible growth mechanism has been proposed. The various morphologies of ZnO are attributed to the discrepant polarity and viscosity of organic solvents and the supersaturation levels of reactants. Furthermore, the size-depended photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties of various structures of ZnO are also studied. It is believed that the different but regular photoelectric behaviours are resulting from the surface states and specific surface areas which are related to the exposed polarity facets as well as the size of ZnO particles.

INTERRELATION BETWEEN CATALYTIC REDUCTION RATE AND SOLUBILITY OF NITROBENZOIC ACID ISOMERS

The solubility of nitrobenzoic acid isomers is determined from the concentration of solution in equilibrium with the solid phase at a temperature of 303 K in an azeotropic aqueous solution of 2-propanol, including additives of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, with an error of no more than 5%. It is shown that the lowest solubility in all these media is observed for para-nitrobenzoic acid, and the maximum for the meta-isomer. The addition of acid or base to the liquid phase assists an increase in solubility for all isomers of nitrobenzoic acid. The most significant changes in solubility occur in the presence of sodium hydroxide in the water-alcohol solvent. The shift of the maxima in the absorption spectra was compared with the change in the solubility value. It has been established that with increasing solubility, the rate of liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzoic acid isomers on the skeletal nickel catalyst decreases. А linear correlation between the solubility of reagents and the rate of their reduction is revealed. The observed interrelation for para- and meta-isomers in neutral and acidic aqueous-alcoholic media is mostly caused by the influence of solubility on the adsorption ability of the hydrogenated compound on the surface of the nickel catalyst. Deviations from this dependence in the presence of sodium hydroxide can be explained by ionization of the of nitrobenzoic acid isomers molecules and by redistribution of the forms of hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the nickel catalyst. The reason of the distinction in a similar correlation for isomers with a substituent in the ortho-position relative to the nitrogroup is the possibility for forming an intramolecular hydrogen bond in all used media.

Variation of linear alcohols’ activity coefficients, referred to aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol, in the presence of various types of surfactants, studied by reversed – Flow Gas Chromatography

The Reversed – Flow Gas Chromatography (R.F.G.C.) technique, a version of Inverse Gas Chromatography, was used to study the influence of the number of carbon atoms on the activity coefficients of the three linear alcohols methanol, ethanol and 1–propanol in their mixtures with water, in the presence of the surfactants CTAB (cationic), SDS (anionic) and TRITON X – 100 (non – ionic). The found activity coefficients, increase with increasing the alcohols' number of carbon atoms at constant temperature and pressure, as well as at constant alcohol's and surfactant's concentration and decrease with increasing the alcohol's molar fraction (at constant surfactant's concentration), as well as with increasing the number of the surfactant's films (at constant alcohol's concentration). The values of activity coefficients found for the three used alcohols, in the absence of surfactants, are in good agreement with those calculated theoretically or found in the literature. The precision of the Reversed – Flow Gas Chromatography for measuring activity coefficients of alcohols is approximately high (94.12% for methanol, 99.26% for ethanol and 94.35% for 1–propanol), showing that R.F.G.C. is a precise method not only for measuring activity coefficients of alcohols, but also for studying the influence of various parameters (molecular formula of linear alcohol, type of surfactant, as well as alcohol's and surfactant's concentration) on the measured activity coefficients.

Solvation Structure of Li+ in Methanol and 2-Propanol Solutions Studied by ATR-IR and Neutron Diffraction with 6Li/7Li Isotopic Substitution Methods.

Neutron diffraction measurements have been carried out on 10 mol % LiTFSA (TFSA: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonil)amide) solutions in methanol- d4 and 2-propanol- d8 to obtain information on the solvation structure of Li+. The detailed coordination structure of solvent molecules within the first solvation shell of Li+ was determined through the least-squares fitting analysis of the difference function between normalized scattering cross sections observed for 6Li/7Li isotopically substituted sample solutions. The nearest-neighbor Li+···O distance and coordination number determined for the 10 mol % LiTFSA-methanol- d4 solution are rLiO = 1.98 ± 0.02 Å and nLiO = 3.8 ± 0.6, respectively. In the 2-propanol- d8 solution, it has been revealed that 2-propanol- d8 molecules within the first solvation shell of Li+ take at least two different coordination geometries with the intermolecular nearest-neighbor Li+···O distance of rLiO = 1.93 ± 0.04 Å. The Li+···O coordination number, nLiO = 3.3 ± 0.3, is determined. Ion-pair formation in the LiTFSA-methanol and LiTFSA-2-propanol solutions has been investigated by the attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopic method. Mole fractions of free, Li+-bound, and aggregated TFSA- are derived from the peak deconvolution analysis of vibrational bands observed for TFSA-.

Historical lead seals and the influence of disinfectants on the lead corrosion rate

Lead used to be a common material for setting seal to historical documents. Lead seals formed parts of historical documents as a guarantee of their legal validity. Disinfectants are commonly used during the restoration of historical documents. They successfully remove mould, bacteria and microscopic fungi from the surface of parchment documents. However, some disinfectants could also be a source of corrosion damage to lead seals. This work was carried out to examine possible corrosion damage to lead seals caused by disinfectants [a solution of carbethopendecinium bromide, a solution of glutaraldehyde, butanol (vapours), a solution of 1-propanol, 2-propanol + ethanol called Bacillol AF], which are commonly used during restoration of historical documents. The lead corrosion rates were determined by using lead resistometric probes. The solutions of carbethopendecinium bromide and glutaraldehyde increase the lead corrosion rate and corrosion products based on carbonates, nitrates and organic lead salts are formed on the lead surface. The most appropriate disinfectants for the restoration of historical documents with lead seals are alcohol-based solutions, such as butanol (vapours) and a solution of 1-propanol, 2-propanol and ethanol called Bacillol AF.

Photochemical and photocatalytic degradation of 1-propanol using UV/H2 O2 : Identification of malonate as byproduct.

1-propanol is a primary alcohol extensively used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. It has been also found as a contaminant in the atmosphere and is considered a model compound to mimic the behavior and fate of aliphatic alcohols exposed to environmental conditions. In order to understand that role of relevant variables, this paper presents results obtained with a simple experimental set-up to investigate the reactivity of 1-propanol under mild oxidizing conditions. Coupling this system with CE-C4 D allowed the quantification of the carboxylic acids formed. For the described experiments, aqueous solutions of 1-propanol were placed inside a photoreactor and oxidized upon the addition of TiO2 and/or H2 O2 . According to the described results, the addition of H2 O2 (0.1% w/w) was the most significant variable, roughly tripled the amount of carboxylic acids generated and led to the conversion of up to 70% of the initially available 1-propanol (1mmol/L). More importantly, the reaction yielded the formation (within 10 min) of propionate (50µmol/L), acetate (400µmol/L), formate (50µmol/L), and malonate (200µmol/L). The latter is critically important because it represents the first example of the photochemical oxidation of both terminal carbons of the C3 -chain of 1-propanol under mild conditions, and opens new avenues for the production of this important chemical building block.

HYDROGENIZATION OF SUBSTITUTED NITRO-, AZOBENZENES, THEIR MIXTURE AND SUBSTITUTED NITROAZOBENZEN ON SKELETAL NICKEL IN AQUEOUS 2-PROPANOL SOLUTIONS

The article is devoted to the investigation of the hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline, 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene, their mixture and 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene on skeletal nickel in an aqueous solution of 2-propanol with azeotropic composition (x2 = 0.68) and this solvent with the addition of acid (0.01 M CH3COOH) or sodium hydroxide (0.01 M NaOH). The elucidation of the reasons and the development of approaches to the selective control of the staged transformations of substituted nitroazobenzenes containing two reactive groups in a molecule under the conditions of hydrogenation are of interest from theoretical and practical points of view. The rate of formation of intermediate products during the hydrogenation of nitroazobenzenes is largely determined by the activation of nitro and azo groups. The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the rates of conversion of nitro- and azogroups in individual compounds with the rates of hydrogenation of their mixture and the rate of conversion of nitroazobenzene, which simultaneously contains nitro- and azogroups, to discuss the reasons for the influence of the solvent composition on the conversion rates of mono- and disubstituted benzenes. UV-spectroscopic data indicate that the electronic state of the hydrogenated compounds in the solvent compositions used does not undergo significant changes, since the absorption maxima are shifted by no more than 1 nm, both with the addition of acid and base. On the contrary, the observed rates of hydrogenation of mono- and disubstituted benzenes vary within fairly wide limits. A comparative analysis of the rates of hydrogenation of individual compounds, their mixtures and disubstituted benzene allows us to conclude that the priority of reduction of one or another group in 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methyl-azobenzene can be made on the basis of calculating the quantitative ratio of the reaction products. When a mixture of compounds containing nitro and azo groups is hydrogenated, their adsorption rather than reactivity begins to play the primary role.

Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation of Methyl Levulinate Promoted by Zr-Based Mesoporous Materials

Several Zr-based materials, including ZrO2 and Zr-SBA-15, with different silicon/zirconium molar ratios, and ZrO2/Si-SBA-15 (where SBA-15 stands for Santa Barbara Amorphous material no. 15), have been prepared as hydrogenation catalysts. The materials were characterized using different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) of pyridine adsorption and the pulsed chromatographic method using pyridine and 2,6-dimethylpyridine as probe molecules, mainly, have been employed for the characterization of the structural, textural, and acidic properties of the synthesized materials, respectively. The catalysts have been evaluated in the hydrogenation reaction of methyl levulinate using 2-propanol as hydrogen donor solvent. The reaction conditions were investigated and stablished at 30 bar system pressure with a reaction temperature of 200 °C using around 0.1 g of catalyst and a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min flow rate of a 0.3 M methyl levulinate solution in 2-propanol. All catalysts employed in this work exhibited good catalytic activities under the investigated conditions, with conversion values in the 15–89% range and, especially, selectivity to Υ-valerolactone in the range of 76–100% (after one hour time on stream). The highest methyl levulinate conversion and selectivity was achieved by ZrO2/Si-SBA-15 which can be explained by the higher dispersion of ZrO2 particles together with a highest accessibility of the Zr sites as compared with other materials such as Zr-SBA-15, also investigated in this work.

Analiza proteina glijadina visoko-pritisnom tečnom hromatografijom

In order to develop a method for rapid, efficient and accurate detection and quantitative determination of gliadin proteins from wheat flour, the usage of different solvents and different separation conditions were investigated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). After albumin and globulins were removed from wheat flour (100 mg) with a salt solution, the gliadin extraction was achieved with ethanol, 1-propanol and isopropanol (50% v/v, 60% v/v and 70% v/v each). Then, the glutenin fractions were extracted using nitrogen and 50% (v/v) aqueous solution of 1-propanol containing Tris-HCl (0.05 mol/dm3 , pH = 7.5) at 60 °C, urea (2 mol/dm3 ) and dithioerythritol (1%). The separation and quantitative gliadin determination were carried out by RP-HPLC chromatography on C3 column maintained at different temperatures: 40 °C, 45 °C and 50 °C. In order to determine the absolute amounts of the protein type, gliadin protein standard was used. The obtained results in terms of repeatability, linearity and accuracy showed that RPHPLC chromatography could be used as a fast, relatively simple and reliable way to quantify all types of gluten proteins in wheat flour and can be applied to assess the quality of cereals as raw materials or in cereal products.

Dynamics of Complete Evaporation of a Sessile Droplet of 1-Propanol–Water Solution at Different Ambient Humidities

Experimental data have been obtained on the complete diffusion evaporation of a sessile microdroplet of an aqueous 1-propanol solution on a hydrophobized polished quartz substrate in air at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. During the evaporation of the sessile droplet, time dependences have been determined for its key thermodynamic and geometric parameters, i.e., the contact angle, base surface area, and volume. It has been revealed that the character of time variations in the contact angle depends on the initial alcohol concentration in the droplet and air humidity. At a high alcohol concentration and a low air humidity, the droplet contact angle monotonically decreases throughout the evaporation process. The contact angle of a solution droplet with a prevailing content of water varies in several stages. In this case, the monotonic reduction in the contact angle is, at a certain moment, replaced by a stage of its growth. The comparison of the maximum contact angle of an evaporating droplet with the contact angle of a sessile droplet of pure water enables one to determine the amount of alcohol in a studied droplet by the end of this stage. The residual alcohol amount governs the subsequent evolution of the droplet up to its complete evaporation.

Effect of calcination temperature on the physicochemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation

In this study, an intermediate zinc oxalate phase was synthesized by the coprecipitation of an oxalate from a nearly saturated solution of zinc acetate and a 2-propanol solution of oxalic acid. A highly crystalline pure phase of ZnO nanoparticles was successfully obtained after calcination at 400 °C–600 °C for 4 h. A unimodal, narrow size distribution of ZnO nanoparticles with average particle sizes of 3, 28, and 25 nm was observed at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. Moreover, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images revealed different surface structures and morphologies for ZnO nanoparticles obtained at different calcination temperatures. With the increase in the calcination temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C, the specific surface area of ZnO nanoparticles significantly decreased from 22.9 to 2.6 m2 g−1.

STUDY AND MODELING OF SOLVENT INFLUENCE ON ISOSALIPURPOSIDE EXTRACTION FROM HELICHRYSI ARENARII FLOWERS

This article presents results of the study and modeling of solvent influence on isosalipurposide extraction from Helichrysi Arenarii flowers.The aimof this work is to study the influence of the solvent on isosalipurposide extraction from Helichrysi arenarii flowers and suggest a theoretical model for description of the results obtained.Materials and methods. The basic materials were: a ground plant raw material of Helichrysi arenarii flowers. water solutions of ethanol (26, 43, 59, 72, 81, 97±1% v/v.), methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. The extracts were obtained from the plant raw materials / solvent at the ratio of 1:5 (wt./vol.) by maceration for 24 hours at the temperature of 24±1°С. The analysis of the extracts was carried out by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and isosalipurposide reference substance.Results and discussion. A dependence of isosalipurposide concentration in ethanol-water extracts on ethanol concentration in the solution was studied. It has been found out that maximum concentration of isosalipurposide is observed in the solutions with ethanol concentration of 75±5% v/v. This range of ethanol concentrations corresponds to solvent’s dielectric constant value of 38±3 units. The regression equation of dependence between isosalipurposide concentration in the extract and dielectric constant of ethanol-water solution has been obtained. Optimal concentration of the solvent has been theoretically predicted and experimentally verified as in the case of water solutions of methanol, acetone, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol.Conclusion. It has been determined that solvent’s dielectric constant has the most significant influence on the extraction process of phytocompound from the plant raw material. A mathematical model for description of the dependence of isosalipurposide concentration on dielectric constant of ethanol-water solutions has been substantiated theoretically and tested. The optimal range of solvent’s dielectric constant to obtain maximum concentration of isosalipurposide in the extract has been found.

The distinct roles of the anaphylatoxin receptors C5aR1, C5aR2 and C3aR during experimental invasive meningococcal disease

In this study, the experimental surface tensions were measured for aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol with a pendant drop apparatus. The temperature and pressure of all experiments were 298.15 K and 1 bar, respectively. Subsequently, a model based on the equality of the chemical potential of components at the interface and the bulk liquid was used. The results of this part showed that the surface tensions were reproduced well. The average absolute deviation percent of surface tension was 1.11. Then the surface tensions of (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide + alcohols) aqueous mixtures were measured at different concentrations. Moreover, the critical micelle concentrations of the applied systems were determined. The present model was used for aqueous mixtures of (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide + alcohols). The average absolute deviation percent of surface tension was 2.72, so the model successfully predicted the surface tension for aqueous solutions of (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide + alcohols). Furthermore, the results of the model proved that the presence of alcohols decreased the surface coverage of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and increased the values of the critical micelle concentration.

INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE ADDITIVES ON HYDROGENIZATION KINETICS OF 4-NITRO-2'-HYDROXY-5'-METYLAZOBENZENE ON SKELETAL NICKEL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF 2-PROPANOL

The elucidation of the sequence of transformations in compounds containing several reactive groups and the development of approaches to controlling the selectivity of the processes with their participation is of interest both from the theoretical and practical points of view. The article is devoted to the analysis of the kinetics of hydrogenation of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene in aqueous solution of 2-propanol with addition of sodium hydroxide on skeletal nickel at different initial amounts of the starting compound. An increase in the initial amount of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene leads to an increase in the rate of conversion of the nitro group in the starting compound and to a decrease in the rate of conversion of the azo-group. The effect of the introduced sodium hydroxide in the neutral solvent 2-propanol-water on the rate of conversion of the nitro and azo-groups to 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene is consistent with the nature of the rate changes for the hydrogenation of individual compounds containing nitro and azo-groups, in the quality of which 4-nitroaniline and 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene were chosen. The results obtained do not contradict the notion of a parallel-sequential scheme of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene transformations. One of the directions involves the conversion of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene due to the hydrogenation of the azo-group to 4-nitroaniline and PC, and the second one is the conversion of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene through 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene due to the reduction of the nitro group. By the end of the reaction, all the intermediate compounds are restored to PC and 1,4-phenylenediamine. When sodium hydroxide is introduced into the neutral solvent 2-propanol-water, the effect of the direction providing the formation of 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene to the overall reaction rate increases. It was experimentally established that the amount of 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene during the hydrogenation of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene in the presence of sodium hydroxide increases by 15%, on the contrary, the amount of 4-nitroaniline decreases by 4 % in comparison with the neutral solvent.

Ruthenium(II) diphosphine(phosphine)/imine/amine/CO complexes as efficient catalysts in transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Treatment of [RuCl2(CO)2]n with different phosphine ligands, four Ru(II) complexes of cis-, cis-, trans- RuCl2(CO)2L2 (L = PH(C6H11)2 (1), PPh3 (2), PPh2(C6F5) (3) and PMe3 (4)), in which 1 and 3 are novel complexes, have been generated in methylene chloride and isolated as pure compound in solid. In CH2Cl2 mixed 1:1 molar ratio of RuCl2(PPh3)3 and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphine)ferrocene (DPPF), and further reacted with quantitative 2-aminopyridine (ampy), 2-picolylamine (picam) and pyridine ligands, the complexes of RuCl2(DPPF)(ampy) (5), RuCl2(DPPF)(picam) (6) and RuCl2(DPPF)(Py)2 (7) were generated in situ and isolated in solid. All complexes are fully characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 31P and 19F), element analysis and FTIR spectroscopies. Meanwhile, the single crystal structures of 1 and 8 complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. The observed IR and crystal data of 1 ∼ 4 clearly indicate that different phosphine donor ligands occupying trans axis position of Ru(II)Cl2(CO)2 skeleton can affect the coordination carbonyl C-O bond distance (1.143(3) Å (1), 1.135(3) Å (4) and 1.131(5) Å (2)), and this interaction can be quantitatively detected by its FTIR vibration frequencies. The homogeneous hydrogenation transfer catalytic reactivity of so-synthesized complexes has been tested in a basic 2-propanol solution and they indeed perform the catalytic activities in different behavior, e.g. complexes 1 and 6 are the most active catalysts and represent maximum conversion yield (1: 90.4% and 6: 90.0%) and turnover frequency (TOF) (1 18.84 h−1 and 6 37.5 h−1) at our tested experimental condition of these two types of structural complexes, which are discussed in the details.

The solubility of bosentan in aqueous-2-propanol mixtures at several temperatures, measurement and data correlation

ABSTRACTThe solubilities of bosentan (BST) in binary aqueous mixtures of 2-propanol at temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 313.15 K were determined using a shake-flask method. The produced data were modelled with the Jouyban-Acree-van’t Hoff model and difference between the predicted data and experimental ones were illustrated by percent average relative deviations (%ARD). Moreover, the thermodynamic functions of dissolution for BST in the aqueous 2-propanol solutions were computed which suggest that the dissolution process is endothermic and not spontaneous.

KINETICS OF HYDROGENATION OF NITROBENZENE, 4-NITROTOLUENE, 4-NITROANILINE AND 2-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE ON SUPPORTED PALLADIUM CATALYST

A study of the kinetics of liquid phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, 4-nitrotoluene, 4-nitroaniline and 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline on supported palladium catalyst in aqueous solutions of 2-propanol of different composition was carried out. The influence of the substituent on the value of the total amount of hydrogen absorbed during the reaction and the kinetics of the hydrogenation of substituted nitrobenzenes was discussed. It was found out that the reaction selectivity to 2-chloro-1,4-phenylenediamine decreases due to by-reaction dehalogenation. The degree of dehalogenation depends on the composition of solvent and may be approximately estimated by the values of the absorbed hydrogen volume during the reaction. Also, the presence of the donor-acceptor substituents is capable of exerting influence on the reaction rate of hydrogenation of the nitro compound.

ACETONE HYDRATION KINETICS AND EVALUATION OF INPUT OF 2-PROPANOL DEHYDRATION REACTION ON RANEY NICKEL UNDER HYDROGENATION CONDITIONS

The problem of kinetics of skeletal nickel samples saturation with hydrogen in an aqueous solution of 2-propanol of azeotropic composition was discussed. 2-propanol dehydrogenation and acetone hydrogenation rate constants were calculated. Kinetic model of processes under study was offered.

Magnesium Nanoparticle Plasmonics.

Nanoparticles of some metals (Cu/Ag/Au) sustain oscillations of their electron cloud called localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). These resonances can occur at optical frequencies and be driven by light, generating enhanced electric fields and spectacular photon scattering. However, current plasmonic metals are rare, expensive, and have a limited resonant frequency range. Recently, much attention has been focused on earth-abundant Al, but Al nanoparticles cannot resonate in the IR. The earth-abundant Mg nanoparticles reported here surmount this limitation. A colloidal synthesis forms hexagonal nanoplates, reflecting Mg's simple hexagonal lattice. The NPs form a thin self-limiting oxide layer that renders them stable suspended in 2-propanol solution for months and dry in air for at least two week. They sustain LSPRs observable in the far-field by optical scattering spectroscopy. Electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments and simulations reveal multiple size-dependent resonances with energies across the UV, visible, and IR. The symmetry of the modes and their interaction with the underlying substrate are studied using numerical methods. Colloidally synthesized Mg thus offers a route to inexpensive, stable nanoparticles with novel shapes and resonances spanning the entire UV-vis-NIR spectrum, making them a flexible addition to the nanoplasmonics toolbox.