3D Copper Research Articles

A ZnO decorated 3D copper foam as a lithiophilic host to construct composite lithium metal anodes for Li–O2 batteries

A ZnO decorated 3D copper foam as a lithiophilic host to construct composite lithium metal anodes for Li–O2 batteries

A novel ultra-thin vapor chamber with composite wick for portable electronics cooling

With the development of integrated and ultra-thin portable electronics, the ultimate heat dissipation power in extremely narrow spaces (<1 mm) is increasing year by year. However, the current critical power of ultra-thin vapor chamber (UTVC) is still at a low level, which hinders the development of high-power portable electronic products. In this study, novel UTVCs with a thickness of only 0.5 mm are prepared by utilizing the composite capillary wick. Different from the traditional multi-layer 2D copper mesh wick, the composite (CA/CB) wick is composed of multi-layer 2D copper mesh and 3D spiral woven mesh. UTVCs prepared from three different wicks, referred as to 2D-UTVC, CA-UTVC, CB-UTVC, were compared. Under different working conditions, the CA/CB-UTVC has better heat transfer performance than 2D-UTVC. In the horizontal state, the maximum effective thermal conductivity (Keff) of CA-UTVC and CB-UTVC is significantly improved by 86.8% and 60.2% compared to that of reference 2D-UTVC. The CA design is recommended for low heating power within 40 W, while the CB design is the optimal choice for high heating power above 40 W. The maximum critical power of CB-UTVC is up to 60 W with gravity support. Even at 50 W under anti-gravity condition, the thermal conductivity of CB-UTVC is still up to 11817.1 W/(m K), which is 29.5 times that of copper. The improved heat dissipation is due to the enhanced capillary force of the composite wick. This positive effect is facilitated by the combination of multiple 3D spiral woven meshes in the CB design. The optimized UTVC effectively reduces the maximum temperature by 14.3 °C compared to copper sheet under natural convection at 10 W heating power. The novel UTVC could provide a guarantee for the heat dissipation of high-power integrated portable electronic devices in the future.

Construction of 3DOM Fe2O3/CuO heterojunction nanomaterials for enhanced AP decomposition

The construction of ordered pore structure and heterostructure interface is considered as an effective strategy to optimize the activity and stability of nano catalysts. Herein, we have elaborately fabricated the p-n heterostructure nanocatalysts of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Fe2O3-supported 2D copper oxide nanofilm using a simple impregnation method, abbreviated as 3DOM-Fe2O3/CuO. The prepared 3DOM Fe2O3/CuO shows interconnected and ordered macroporous channels, which provide considerable catalytic active sites and enrich the reactive oxygen concentration at the Fe2O3-CuO heterostructure interface. By adjusting the copper source concentration, 2D copper oxide nanofilm with varied thicknesses was introduced to readily regulate the morphology of the catalyst and the atom composition or electronic structure of the interface. When evaluated as a catalyst for ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition reaction, 3DOM-Fe2O3/CuO-3 testified the most satisfactory catalytic activity, reducing the high temperature decomposition peak of AP decreased by 105.27 °C and the decomposition activation energy (Ea) by 50 %. Based on the experimental results of this study and related theoretical researches, the following mechanisms are proposed: in the thermal decomposition process of AP, the generation of active oxygen is not only related to the active oxygen mechanism, but also may be related to the NO2-assisted mechanism.

Molecular‐Layer‐Deposited Zincone Films Induce the Formation of LiF‐Rich Interphase for Lithium Metal Anodes

AbstractLithium metal anodes suffer from low Coulombic efficiency and dendritic growth owing to an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which limit the practical applications of lithium metal anodes. Here, zincone (ZnHQ) is conformally fabricated on 3D copper nanowires (CuNWs) via a molecular layer deposition (MLD) technology. Upon polarization, the terminal oxygen of ZnHQ serves as a strong nucleophilic agent to attack Li bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, yielding a LiF‐rich SEI. This SEI facilitates the Li transport, shuts off the electron conduction, and inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites. In addition, the zinc atoms of ZnHQ induce favorable Li deposition owing to their lithiophilicity. These advantages enabled by MLD make the ZnHQ‐modified CuNW (CuNW@ZnHQ) an ideal Li metal anode, which demonstrates excellent cyclability. A symmetrical cell of CuNW@ZnHQ shows high cycling stability for more than 7000 h at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. When pairing with a Ni/Co/Mn ternary oxide cathode (NCM523), the resultant CuNW@ZnHQ||NCM full cell is cycled for 1000 cycles with a 90% capacity retention at an areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm−2. The MLD technology brings new opportunities for next‐generation high‐energy Li metal batteries.

Polymeric copper(ii) and dimeric oxovanadium(v) complexes of amide-imine conjugate: bilirubin recognition and green catalysis.

An exceptionally simple amide-imine conjugate, (E)-N'-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzohydrazide (L), derived by the condensation of 4-methyl-benzoic acid hydrazide (PTA) with 4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was utilized to prepare a dimeric oxo-vanadium (V1) and a one-dimensional (1D) copper(ii) coordination polymer (C1). The structures of L, V1 and C1 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results indicate that V1 is a promising green catalyst for the oxidation of sulfide, whereas C1 has potential for a C-S cross-coupling reaction in a greener way. Most importantly, C1 is an efficient 'turn-on' fluorescence sensor for bilirubin that functions via a ligand displacement approach. The displacement equilibrium constant is 7.78 × 105 M-1. The detection limit for bilirubin is 1.15 nM in aqueous chloroform (chloroform/water, 1/4, v/v, PBS buffer, and pH 8.0).

A p-type semi-conducting copper(i)-1,3-benzenedithiolate 2D coordination polymer with high Seebeck coefficient

A p-type semi-conducting and 2D coordination polymer, made of 1D copper(i)–sulfur inorganic networks, exhibits very high Seebeck coefficient for thermoelectricity.

Pd nanoparticles decorated ultrathin 2D metal-organic framework nanosheets with enhanced peroxidase-mimic activity and colorimetric assay of glucose.

In addition to size, shape and morphology, enzyme-mimetic property could be efficiently regulated by controlling composition, forming complexes or hybrids, and surface modification. Herein, Pd nanoparticles with an average diameter of 2.52 nm were decorated on ultrathin 2D copper(ii)-porphyrin derived metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets by a simple reduction method for catalytic activity regulation. In comparison with other nanozymes, the as-synthesized Pd modified 2D MOF hybrid nanosheets (Pd@Cu-TCPP(Fe)) presented excellent peroxidase-mimic activity, exhibiting an even superior catalytic ability towards H2O2 with a Michaelis-Menten constant as low as 2.33 mM. Based on a cascade reaction between glucose oxidase and Pd@Cu-TCPP(Fe), a colorimetric method for the detection of glucose was established and validated with a wide linear range (0.2-8.0 mM), good recovery (89.5-94.2%) and nice reproducibility (3.65%). All these features guaranteed its excellent ability for glucose determination in human cerebrospinal fluids. This study could offer a valuable reference for constructing novel optical biosensors.

A dual-color fluorescent biosensing platform based on amine functionalized 3D copper Prussian blue nanocubes and exonuclease I activity for simultaneous detection of kanamycin and streptomycin

A dual fluorescent oligosensor was fabricated to detect kanamycin (KAN) and streptomycin (STR).

Three-dimensional flower-like NiO on Cu foam as a lithiophilic current collector for high-performance lithium metal batteries

Lithiophilic NiO with large surface area was grown on 3D copper foam by hydrothermal and post-annealing method. Flower-like NiO provides abundant active sites, which facilitates uniform deposition of lithium and effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites.

Development of copper foam-based composite catalysts for electrolysis of water and beyond

Fabrication of composite materials on 3D copper foam for electrochemical research.

Ultrasonic assistant synthesis, structure and magnetic property of a 3D supermolecular framework based on 2-isobutyl-1H-imidazoledicarboxylate and copper(II) ions

• The 3D supermolecular frameworks is constructed by 2D layer structure [Cu(H 2 IDC) 2 ]n through the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions and self-substituting group support of the isobutyl. • Thermogravimetric stability and temperature dependence phase transfer process (crystal → amorphous phase → crystal phase → CuO) have been discussed in detail. • Antiferromagnetic behaviors between the Cu(II) ions have been investigated. A 3D supermolecular framework copper(II)-2-isobutyl-1H-imidazoledicarboxylate, namely [Cu(H 2 IDC) 2 ]n (H 3 IDC = 2-isobutyl-1H-imidazoledicarboxylate), has been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal condition assisted by ultrasonic stir. In the structure, each bridging H 2 IDC - ligand connects two copper(II) octahedral CuO 4 N 2 to form a 2D layer structure [Cu(H 2 IDC) 2 ]n, then the adjacent layers are further connected via the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions and the support from the substituent group of isobutyl to form a 3D supermolecular framework. The synthetic conditions, thermogravimetric stability and temperature dependence phase transfer process have been discussed. Additionally, the magnetic property study indicates that there are antiferromagnetic interactions in the structure.

SiOxCy Microspheres with Homogeneous Atom Distribution for a High-Performance Li-Ion Battery.

The broad application of silicon-based materials is limited by large volume fluctuation, high preparation costs, and complicated preparation processes. Here, we synthesized SiOxCy microspheres on 3D copper foams by a simple chemical vapor deposition method using a low-cost silane coupling agent (KH560) as precursors. The SiOxCy microspheres are available with a large mass loading (>3 mg/cm2) on collectors and can be directly used as the electrode without any binders or extra conductive agents. As a result, the as-prepared SiOxCy shows a high reversible capacity of ∼1240 mAh g-1 and can be cycled more than 1900 times without decay. Ex situ characterizations show that the volume change of the microspheres is only 55% and the spherical morphology as well as the 3D structure remain intact after cycles. Full-cell electrochemical tests paired with LiFePO4 as cathodes show 87% capacity retention after 500 cycles, better than most reported results, thus showing the commercial potential of the material.

Investigating the critical transitional temperature increase in graphene oxide doped bulk YBCO

Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) was doped with thermally stable graphene oxide (TS-GO) and thermally unstable graphene oxide (TU-GO) in the following %wt. concentrations: 0.1, 0.5 and 0.7. TS-GO and TU-GO was characterized using RAMAN, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The critical transition temperature (TCmid) increased in all TU-GO and TS-GO doped samples. The highest TCmid of 101 K was that of the 0.7 %wt. TU-GO doped sample. The increase in TCmid was greater for the samples doped with TU-GO. Non-stoichiometric oxygen content (δ) was seen to increase with an increase in doping concentration of both TS-GO and TU-GO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to determine the lattice parameters and phase characterization of the TU-GO and TS-GO doped samples. Lattice parameters show an increase in the copper oxide (CuO2) planar area with TCmid for TS-GO and TU-GO doping. To determine strain effects, the Williamson Hall method was used to determine the lattice strain (ɛ). The ɛ was seen to decrease for both TS-GO and TU-GO doped samples. The formation of magnetic manganese oxide nanoparticles in TS-GO and TU-GO doped samples was observed, and resulted from impurities found in the graphene oxide (GO) dopant material. The magnetic particles were extracted magnetically and characterized using EDX. YBCO was doped with trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) in a 0.1 and 0.2 %wt. concentration. The TCmid is seen to increase to 94 K and 104 K respectively for 0.1 %wt. MnO2 and Mn3O4 doped samples. The 0.2 %wt. doped Mn3O4 sample resulted in a decrease in TCmid. Magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed a superconducting phase changes. The increase in TCmid above YBCO’s Tc = 93 K, correlates to the presence of manganese nano-impurities. This increase is hypothezied to be related to an increase in surface area of YBCO’s 2D copper oxide (CuO2) plane structure with GO doping.

One-dimensional copper bromide based inorganic-organic hybrids as fuels for hypergolic bipropellants with hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer

In this work, a series of unprecedented one-dimensional (1D) copper bromide-based inorganic–organic hybrids were synthesized as hypergolic fuels. In the absence of promoters, all 1D hybrids exhibited good hypergolic activity toward oxidant HTP (H2O2 with concentration of >95 %). Among the hybrids, the 1-propargyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide-based complex achieved the shortest ignition delay (ID) of 12 ms. The structure-performance relationships revealed that the abundant copper alkynyl bonds distributed in the 1D infinite Cu-Br chain functioned as interconnecting hotspots, which greatly promote the hypergolic efficiency. This work demonstrates that the hybrids combined with HTP have potential applications as green hypergolic bipropellants for rocket.

Photoinduced Cu+/Cu2+ interconversion for enhancing energy conversion and storage performances of CuO based Li-ion battery

Pursuing appropriate photo-active Li-ion storage materials and understanding their basic energy storage/conversion principle are pretty crucial for the rapidly developing photoassisted Li-ion batteries (PA-LIBs). Copper oxide (CuO) is one of the most popular candidates in both LIBs and photocatalysis. While CuO based PA-LIBs have never been reported yet. Herein, one-dimensional (1D) CuO nanowire arrays in situ grown on a three-dimensional (3D) copper foam support were employed as dual-functional photoanode for both ‘solar-to-electricity’ and ‘electricity-to-chemical’ energy conversion in the PA-LIBs. It is found that light energy can be indeed stored and converted into electrical energy through the assembled CuO based PA-LIBs. Without external power source, the photo conversion efficiency of CuO based photocell reaches about 0.34%. Impressively, at a high current density of 4000 mA g−1, photoassisted discharge and charge specific capacity of CuO based PA-LIBs respectively receive 64.01% and 60.35% enhancement compared with the net electric charging and discharging process. Mechanism investigation reveals that photogenerated charges from CuO promote the interconversion between Cu2+ and Cu+ during the discharging/charging process, thus forcing the lithium storage reaction more completely and increasing the specific capacity of the PA-LIBs. This work can provide a general principle for the development of other high-efficient semiconductor-based PA-LIBs.

Investigating the effect of wall temperature on the thermal performance of NH3 in the presence of suspended roughness in the 2D and 3D nanochannels: A molecular dynamics study

In thermal channels, the heat transfer coefficient increases by variations the fluid conditions, boundary conditions, or wall temperature. This article investigated the ammonia fluid manner with suspended roughness, in a nanochannel via molecular dynamics (MD) approach and LAMMPS open-source software. The change in thermal conductivity and heat flux were investigated to investigate the nanostructure's thermal behaviour. And its atomic behaviour in the nanochannel was investigated by examining the density and velocity profiles. In this study, two 2D and 3D copper nanochannels have been used. At first step, the equilibrium in the simulated structure was checked by examining the kinetic energy and potential changes. The results show that the peak point of fluid density in the areas near the wall of the nanochannel is higher than the middle areas in the nanochannel. This is because the intermolecular interaction is greater in the fluid molecules near the wall and eventually becomes smaller and more uniform in the middle regions of the fluid. Also, the results show that 2D and 3D nanochannel thermal conductivity converges to a numerical value of 0.53143 and 0.6063 W/mK after 10 ns. By changing the nanochannel wall's temperature, the motion of the particles in the channel increases. So the thermal conductivity in 2D and 3D nanochannel increase to 0.7176 and 0.7677 W/mK. The results will be effective in improving the performance of heating systems.

Inter-Electronic Interaction between Ni and Mo in Electrodeposited Ni-Mo-P on 3D Copper Foam Enables Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Low Overpotential.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via water electrolysis has been considered the most effective and sustainable route to produce clean hydrogen. Designing and structure optimization are the two important parameters to develop an affordable, easy to fabricate, and stable non-noble metal electrocatalyst for the production of hydrogen as a clean, sustainable, and green fuel. Herein, we have synthesized Ni-Mo-P on copper foam (Cuf) via a facile single-step electrodeposition method, which can show stratospheric efficiency toward HER with a Tafel slope of 67 mV dec-1 and a very low overpotential of only 53 mV at a current density of 20 mA cm-2. Cuf acts as a conducting substrate support and the existence of the inter-electronic effect between Ni and Mo results in substantial catalytic activity toward hydrogen generation. In addition to this, the catalyst shows long time stability of around 97.5 h with almost negligible degradation under the applied overpotential for HER in alkaline media. This work features the significance of structure design and construction of non-noble metal catalysts via a simple method for efficient hydrogen generation.

Two-Dimensional Chiroptically Active Copper Oxide Nanostructures

Induction of chirality in colloidal nanomaterials has been of great interest in recent years due to the broad range of potential applications for these materials, including in biomedicine, sensing, and photocatalysis. However, the investigation of chirality induction in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials is currently at a very early stage, despite their potential unique properties and important applications. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of chiroptically active 2D copper(II) oxide (CuO)-based nanomaterials for the first time. In our studies we demonstrate that postsynthetic treatment of copper- aluminium carbonate intercalated layered double hydroxide (CuAl-CO3 LDH) nanosheets with phenylalanine at room temperature under basic conditions results in the formation of two-dimensional chiral CuO nanosheets exhibiting strong circular dichroism signals, far beyond the onset of the characteristic signals of the initial ligands.

Numerical Study on Particle Behavior and Deposition Accuracy in Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

Cold Spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) is an emerging technique to fabricate freestanding objects by depositing solid-state layers of materials. Thanks to its remarkable deposition rate and maneuverability, it can be tailored to manufacturing intricate geometries in aerospace industries. In comparison to other additive manufacturing techniques, it is the processing speed, solid-state deposition, and the cost that make CSAM unique. In this study, CSAM process was modeled for a system comprised of a high-pressure cold spray gun with axial powder injection. To represent the flow structure around the already built objects and the deposited layers of CSAM, three walls with different profiles are placed on a flat substrate. In this work, the gas-particle behaviors are studied at the vicinity of these non-axisymmetric objects that can be generalized to more complex geometries and the applications of CSAM. The model is 3D and aluminum and copper powders were used for the feedstock. The particles’ conditions upon impact, such as particles’ footprint and normal impact velocities are studied. The numerical results show that the deviation of particles which is caused by the supersonic flow inside the nozzle and the shock waves outside the nozzle defines the accuracy of the deposition. Furthermore, the results manifest the particle’s material and size have a significant influence on the acquired velocities and trajectories of the particles, and consequently on the resolution of the process. It is found that the profile of the deposited layers has some effects on the gas flow near the substrate which plays a role in the dispersion of fine particles.

High Surface Area 3D Copper Nanowire Networks for High-Throughput Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

An attractive solution towards net-zero carbon emission is the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with its ability to convert the greenhouse gas CO2 with renewable electricity and appropriate catalytic materials to useful chemicals and fuels to store energy. Depending on the number of electrons transferred a variety of oxygenates and hydrocarbons can be obtained. Among used catalytic materials, such as metals, alloys or composites, copper has shown the unique property to electrocatalytically convert CO2 into a wide variety of valuable C2+ products such as ethylene or alcohols.Apart from the high potential to reshape our carbon economy the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is still in its early development stage compared to the more mature water electrolysis, with high-throughput operation at practical current densities as well as long-term stability of the catalysts being only scarcely demonstrated. Additionally, selectivity towards high-value (beyond C1) products using copper catalysts has proven to be challenging and many research efforts are directed towards improving product selectivity. For this purpose, mainly nanostructured porous Cu electrodes either based on randomly ordered nanoparticles loaded on porous (carbon-based) supports or low-surface area metal foams, meshes or felts with high porosity are commonly used. While the former electrode architecture typically shows poor long-term stability with often weak adhesion between the nanoparticles and the porous support, the latter electrodes have a low electrochemical surface area and hence are not suitable for high-throughput CO2 reduction at high current densities.In this work we present novel high-surface area porous copper electrodes, so-called copper nanomeshes, that are regular 3D-networks of interconnected Cu nanowires. These unique few µm-thin electrodes show a large surface area enhancement (compared to planar Cu) by a factor of ~80, while providing a high porosity of ~70% together with sufficient mechanical stability, an important aspect towards their practical implementation in electrocatalytic flow cells. Cu nanomesh electrodes with a thickness of 4µm were fabricated through electrochemically plating in 3D-porous anodic aluminum oxide templates and show a mixed surface texture of (111), (100) and (110) Cu. We demonstrate the high potential toward high-throughput CO2 electrolysis of these novel electrodes in comparison to planar copper electrodes in various CO2-containing electrolyte solutions. The CO2 reduction product analysis showed a significant difference in selectivity between planar (polycrystalline or with preferential 111 or 200 texture) and the polycrystalline Cu nanomesh electrodes with CO or C2H4 as major reduction products depending on the potential applied. The beneficial effect of the high electrochemical surface area was demonstrated by a significant increase in the current density on the nanostructured Cu electrodes. Additionally, we characterized the copper nanomesh electrodes before, during and after CO2 reduction with complementary techniques to gain insights on the reaction mechanism and on the electrode stability. Figure 1