Immediate hypersensitivity disorders, such as asthma, food intolerance, and anaphylaxis, have risen dramatically since the 20th century, marking a shift in the global disease burden. While mast cells have been associated with IgE-mediated disorders, they also play important roles in homeostasis. To prevent chronic inflammation and aberrant tissue remodeling, tight regulation of mast cells is essential in response to microorganisms, autoantigens, and environmental changes. The surge in mast cell-mediated disorders and evidence of mast cell interactions with epithelial and neural networks have led to the epithelial barrier hypothesis. This hypothesis extends the protective role of the epithelium by highlighting its integrated communication with both the nervous and immune systems, proposing that dysregulated nerve-mast cell signaling at epithelial barriers contributes to the development of immediate hypersensitivity disorders - both allergic and nonallergic phenotypes. In turn, it offers new strategies for prevention and treatment, focusing on restoring barrier integrity and modulating neuroimmune pathways. Clinical populations including hypermobility syndromes, such as certain Ehlers-Danlos syndrome variants and Job syndrome, exemplify the systemic consequences of disrupted epithelial barriers and chronic nerve-mast cell dysregulation. Accordingly, this review discusses the co-emergence of hypersensitivity and hypermobility syndromes as manifestations of immune-neuro-epithelial dysfunction in the context of modern environmental change.

There is no extensive secondary literature on travel guides, despite their popularity among readers and their status as one of the best-selling genres in bookstores. The medium was more thoroughly researched in the disciplines of geography, tourism and folklore, especially in the late 1980s and 1990s, although different aspects and points were deepened depending on the discipline and thus a “compact field of reliable knowledge and theories” could not be developed. (Wicke 2011: 22). Buhl (2020: 39) concludes that travel guide research is primarily concerned with the historical change in the genre from its emergence to the 20th century or attempts to create a typology of this broad, diverse genre. However, for the purpose of this research, of particular interest are the publications that refer to the ways in which the target countries are presented from an intercultural perspective; still, the number of these studies has remained insignificant to this day. The most recent and very comprehensive study comes from Gesa Wicke (2011), who fills the research gap with her study of the staging of foreignness in tourist guides to Sicily. The subject of analysis based on available research for the medium travel guide will be the travel guide form Philine von Oppeln “Nordmazedonien. Mit Skopje, Ohridsee und allen Nationalparks” (2020).

The purpose of this article is to collect and analyze new data as well as consolidate existingknowledge on monetary circulation and socio-economic life in the Sumy region during the Cossacks era. This includes the introduction into scholarly circulation of newly discovered coins and hoards, data on trade routes, economic relations, and Cossack settlements. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientific rigor, historicism, continuity of written and hoard sources, and comprehensive analysis of treasure complexes. The study also employs general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, comparison, systematization, logic, generalization), specialized historical methods (chronological, analytical, mathematical, contextual), and numismatic methods (descriptive, typological, dating, archaeological research, numismaticiconography, metallography, and analysis of coin hoards). The scientific novelty lies in introducingnew materials into scholarly discourse and interpreting them within the context of contemporary challenges, which has made it possible to reassess the historical development of the region and emphasize the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Sumy in conditions of full-scale war. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of new coin hoards and individual artifacts, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study of new archaeological finds during the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine has helped supplement and refine existing views on monetarycirculation and material culture in Sumy during the 14th–18th centuries. The new finds confirmed thatmonetary circulation in Sumy during the studied period was highly diverse. In particular, hoardsdiscovered near the villages of Oblozhky, Peremoha, and Banychi (coins belonging to various issuing authorities —from Prince Dmytro Korybut of Novhorod-Siverskyi to Juchid dirhams and Ryazan “baranchyky”) attest to the region’s intensive trade relations both with Northern and Eastern Europe and with the Golden Horde. The discovery of such unique items as four Saxon thalers of 1617 and a daler of Gustavus Adolphus (1545) indicates the deep integration of Sumy into international trade networks. Their presence in Cossack settlements points to xtensive trade and possibly diplomatic connections. The finds of a silver clasp and a bronze saber guard in the village of Poloshky not only supplemented numismatic data but also enabled the reconstruction of daily life and the social status of the Cossack elite. Thus, the study of monetary circulation and Cossack-era artifacts of the specified period is of particular importance because: it allows for the identification of previously unknown elements of monetary circulation or Cossack everyday life; the study of material evidence, particularly coins as indicators of sovereignty and economic self-sufficiency, becomes part of the information war and the struggle for the preservation of historical truth.

Benedetto Ligorio’s book delves into the role of Sephardic Jews in the Republic of Ragusa during the 16th century as key players in international trade. Drawing on social network analysis and quantitative archival data, Ligorio examines the Jews’ commercial activities and demonstrates they were integral to Ragusa’s thriving economy, connecting Venice, Ancona, and Ottoman-controlled regions. He compares the establishment of the ghetto in Ragusa in 1546 with those in Venice and Rome, and highlights the pragmatism of Ragusa’s government in allowing its Jewish merchants to continue their commercial activities despite imposed restrictions. Ligorio sheds light on the fluctuating size of the Jewish community, and the eventual concentration of their economic activities in merchant roles after the 1571 decree. Ligorio’s work contributes significantly to the understanding of the Jewish diaspora in the Early Modern Mediterranean, opening avenues for further research into the socioeconomic dynamics of the vibrant Ragusan community and beyond.

The example of Czesława Rosenblat’s (1877–1949) interesting biography is used to show alterations that could be made to the core exhibition of the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. The article seeks to answer the question why Jewish herstories are still not much commemorated at the Polin Museum, in spite of increasing research on women’s stories in Polish and Jewish historiography. Rosenblat’s biography serves as a means to show complex, non-obvious Polish-Jewish relations. The article reveals the fascinating biography of one of the Jewish women writers who chose Polish as their language of expression. Finally, it shows the complex intertwining of the Polish and Jewish cultures in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A probabilistic–deterministic design of experiments (PDDoE) approach was employed to optimize laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) parameters for the quantitative determination of minor components in lead-based alloys. The PDDoE optimization identified 18 J laser pump lamp energy, 1 µs delay, and 1 µs exposure as optimal conditions, minimizing spectral dispersion (5–8%) and ensuring stable plasma formation. The acquired spectra were subsequently processed in an R-based automated workflow, where Linear, Lasso, and Ridge regression models were used to establish quantitative relationships between normalized line intensities and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) reference data. The resulting models demonstrated high accuracy (R2 = 0.97 for Sn, 0.985 for Sb, 0.982 for Bi, 0.919 for As, and 0.905 for Ag), with prediction errors (RMSE) below 10% and limits of quantification (LOQ) under 0.05 wt.%. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to 43 historical (19th–20th century) and technogenic samples (19th–20th century) allowed us to isolate clusters of Pb–Sb alloys corresponding to secondary accumulator materials, alongside a diffuse group of nearly pure Pb specimens containing variable minor impurities. The combined PDDoE–LIBS–R analytical framework provides a reproducible, non-destructive, and chemometrically validated methodology for the quantitative characterization and classification of archeological and industrial lead alloys.

Priest Jožef Horvat (born 1880 in Velika Narda, died 1932 in Martjanci), a Croat from Burgenland, spent 27 years of his priesthood (1905–1932) in Prekmurje, then part of Hungary, where he learned Prekmurje due to his pastoral work. The article summarizes the most important biographical information and in the central part provides a linguistic analysis of Horvat's manuscript sermons. Two sermons are discussed – the earliest from 1905, written in Prekmurje with pronounced Croatian elements, and a later one, which shows a gradual adaptation to the Slovene literary language. Based on a comparative analysis of phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics and a comparison with the Central Slovene template (Žlogar, Duhovni pastir, 1909), the article reveals the development of Horvat's linguistic abilities and his conscious approximation to the Slovene literary norm. The language of his later sermons shows a balance between the Prekmurje and Central Slovenian traditions, which testifies to the priest's role as a mediator of Slovenianness in the Pannonian region. The article sheds light on the importance of Horvat's sermons as a source for studying interlingual contacts and the processes of unification of the Slovenian literary language in the first half of the 20th century.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic chemicals known for their exceptional stability, strong surface activity, and ability to repel both water and oil. Due to these characteristics, PFAS have been widely used since the 1950s across multiple industries. However, over the decades, these substances have emerged as persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants. While it is evident that PFAS pose adverse effects on both ecosystems and human well-being, the mechanisms underlying their toxicities are yet to be fully understood. To better examine the thematic evolution of PFAS research, this review divides the literature into four distinct eras: before 2000s, from 2000 to 2010, from 2010 to 2020, and from 2020 onwards. Since the latter half of the 20th century, the rapid development and mass production of PFAS resulted in the manufacture of thousands of industrial and household products. After decades of concerns regarding their toxic impacts, major phase-outs in the early 2000s shifted attention towards environmental studies and biomonitoring. Throughout the 2010s, extensive studies were conducted to assess the PFAS toxicities, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the two widely detected compounds on human populations. Since 2020, research efforts have increasingly progressed toward molecular-level studies, advancements in analytical detection methods, and remediation technologies. Additionally, this review examines regulatory changes, highlights current knowledge gaps, and outlines directions for future research.

One of the most important achievements of Polish research on verse forms of poetry in the final decades of the 20th century was the organization of an international group implementing a program called Slavic Comparative Metrics, dealing with the comparative analysis of verse forms in Slavic literatures. The group’s formation coincided with a time when the field of literary studies sought to clarify its methods, defining its place between linguistics and cultural studies. The program carried out by versologists was based on the concepts of language and poetry contained in the works of the Russian formalists and the Prague structuralists, and its formulation was directly influenced by the writings of Roman Jakobson as well as personal contacts with this scholar. The article presents the circumstances in which the SCM group was set up at the Institute of Literary Research, describes its methods of work as well as subsequent goals and results. Research on a pan-Slavic scale revealed the influence of the different prosodic structures of individual languages on the possibility of implementing specific rhythmic patterns. This research shed light on the value of different forms in linguistically related literatures and on the choice of metrical equivalents in translation. The researchers also examined the functioning of verse structures in intercultural contacts within the Slavic area and metrical poetry as testimony to Slavic literatures belonging to the wider European community. The team was active for 35 years despite the difficulties to which international cooperation was exposed in the political conditions of the time. The results of its work were published in nine volumes of the Slavic Comparative Metrics series.

In 1870, the newly created Instituto Geográfico of Spain, the precursor of the current Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), began to carry out work for the preparation of the National Topographic Map of Spain, a major project that would take almost 100 years to be completed. This work began with the measurement of geodetic bases throughout the national territory. Subsequently, the necessary topographic surveys were conducted to delimit the boundaries of municipalities, and to represent all the planimetric elements. As a part of this, surveys were carried out with topographic compasses, which allowed work to be performed at a good pace and with sufficient accuracy for cartographic purposes. The current IGN keeps in its archives all the documentation generated in the work related to the completion of this major project. The objective of this study is to extract information from this documentation on the magnetic declination measured at that time, and to evaluate it as a possible source of historic geomagnetic information for use in future works. To achieve this, we compared the recovered declination dataset with those generated for the same locations and dates using two independent sources: the Cov-Obs.x2 geomagnetic field model, which spans the last two centuries, and the declination data used to produce the first Spanish declination chart developed by the IGN at the beginning of the 20th century. The results show a clear agreement between the recovered dataset and both sources of independent declination data, suggesting that this dataset is valuable for improving our understanding of the recent geomagnetic field history and for refining main field models for the last centuries.

This article shows how the reception of certain aspects of Lutheranism is articulated in Hegel’s Lectures on Philosophy of History. We claim that Hegel conceives the influence of Lutheranism on the development of Germany from the political perspective of his later years, that is, that Hegel understood Luther’s contributions as an important element in the consolidation of the political and administrative reforms of the 18th century in Germany, which culminated in the affirmation of the rationality of the link between the state and religion. This conclusion goes hand in hand with Hegel’s silence on events that challenged Lutheranism’s obedience to preestablished powers, such as the Bauernkrieg and the figure of Thomas Müntzer. This silence, it seems to us, is justified in Hegel’s eyes on the basis of the experience of revolutionary terror and the political consequences of Luther’s doctrines.

Researchers knew about the existence of the 11th-century Pomeranian coinage back in the 19th century. The basic source is a large hoard from the village of Łupawa (Lupow) near Słupsk, consisting mostly of imitations. The term “Łupawa imitations” has been in use in numismatics, to which – over the last 100 years – various authors have included all kinds of “barbaric” coins. The author presents a new concept for dividing the 11th-early 12th century coinage into six smaller groups. The oldest mint may have operated in Wolin which, however, collapsed in the first half of the 11th century. At the same time coinage started in Budzistowo, where it continued throughout the 11th century. In the second half of the 11th century, a second mint was established – probably in the vicinity of Słupsk, where both silver and copper coins were made. The mint, producing sub-value copper coins in the late 11th and the early 12th century, was located probably in Gdansk.

Purpose Systematic research on leadership began in the 20th century, though its influence has permeated human history for thousands of years. It is unrealistic to anticipate a unanimous consensus among leadership scholars regarding the most effective behavior and leadership styles. Drawing on social learning theory and social exchange theory, this empirical study aims to compare the effects of transformational and servant leadership on employees’ service recovery performance in the context of the Vietnamese aviation service industry. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a paper-based questionnaire to collect data from 371 valid respondents. Three proposed hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM). Findings The study revealed that servant leadership and transformational leadership are strongly associated with employees’ service recovery performance, though the degree to which each leadership style exerts its influence varies. It is evident that the service recovery performance of employees benefits more from transformational leadership than from servant leadership. Originality/value This research analyzes two leadership styles and gives theoretical and practical insights for academics and practitioners, by looking at a structural model with three constructs: servant leadership, transformational leadership and employee service recovery performance. This research helps us better understand which leadership style is connected to employee service recovery performance and how exactly this occurs.

This study aimed to identify the stages and factors in developing preschool music education in China. To this end, historical periods, pedagogical methods, and regulatory documents that have had the greatest impact on the formation of preschool music education in China were analysed. The research revealed a historical development pattern reflecting the interaction between traditional pedagogical concepts and the progressive educational trends of each period. Rooted in Confucian principles, music education initially emerged as a means of moral development, which defined its close connection with philosophy, ritual practices, and social organisation. Over different historical periods, music education adapted to political and cultural changes – most notably in the 20th and 21st centuries, when Western pedagogical methods were actively introduced under the influence of reforms. The study also confirmed the importance of music education for cognitive and social development: the implementation of rhythmic exercises, physical practices, musical games, and vocal training promotes the development of phonemic awareness, fine motor skills, teamwork, and overall engagement in the learning process. The statistical data presented in the study confirmed the downward trend in the number of preschool institutions in line with China's decreasing population. The findings demonstrated that preschool music education in China combines traditional pedagogical concepts with modern educational trends; in practice, this material may be applied in the development of educational standards and the adaptation of international methodologies.

Some 25 years after its founding as a marine laboratory in 1898 by Tufts University, The Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory became a center for advances in renal physiology for the next 90 years. Populated by summer investigators from major US and international universities, who used marine species as model systems, the MDIBL has been the site for foundational discoveries ranging from whole-animal urinary excretion protocols that delineated proximal tubule secretion and glomerular filtration to the use of isolated kidney tubules to dissect solute transport steps. By the end of the 20th Century, MDIBL investigators had adopted modern molecular techniques to isolate and purify, then visualize, renal proteins and clone their relevant genes. More recently, they have used a transgenic fish model to study the molecular control of glomerular filtration. Thus, much of what is presently accepted as models for the function of the vertebrate/mammalian kidney is due to the unique, collaborative research, by basic scientists and clinicians, at a cold-water marine laboratory in Maine.

Ancient DNA is a valuable source of information about the distant past of our planet. Reconstructing the past ecosystems is essential for understanding many aspects of life in the steppes of southern Siberia and Central Asia, where numerous human societies representing different archaeological cultures have lived. The remains of their activities, revealed by archaeological excavations, provide a wide range of sources for the cultural and natural/biological history of the region. One of the most enigmatic Iron Age archaeological cultures in southern Siberia is the Tashtyk culture, which dates back to the 1st - 7th centuries AD. The people of this culture inhabited the Minusinsk Basin and practiced different burial rites, including cremation. Thanks to the exceptional preservation of organic remains in individual Tashtyk burials we know of quite an unusual phenomenon: the placement of cremains into the human-like mannequins made from animal skin and filled with herbaceous plants. This study analyses ancient DNA extracted from the grass stuffing of a mannequin found in 2023 at the Oglakhty cemetery, which dates back to 250-300 AD. Our aim is to identify the plant species that were used to stuff the mannequin approximately 1,700 years ago, and to compare their diversity with that of modern-day plant species. This is particularly significant given that the Oglakhty region is part of the Khakassky State Nature Reserve, which was added to the UNESCO Tentative List in 2016 due to its biodiversity and concentration of archaeological sites. We sequenced the ancient DNA of a dried historical grass mixture in order to reconstruct the nearly complete chloroplast genomes of several apparent Poaceae species. Our analysis showed that, 1,700 years ago, the diversity of plant species in the Oglakhty area was similar to the modern meadow flora of the Minusinsk Basin. These included typical steppe and forest-steppe zone plant genera of Siberia, such as Holcus, Phleum, Poa, and Stipa. Interestingly, alongside the species commonly found in modern southern Siberian steppes and meadows, we discovered the rare, ephemeral, and protected moss grass, Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel ex Roem. et Schult. whose current distribution range spans highly fragmented areas of northern Eurasia and North America but not the Minusinsk Basin. The herbaceous plant C. subtilis, whose DNA fragments were obtained through the metagenomic profiling of the human-like mannequin's stuffing at the Oglakhty cemetery, provides new insights into the cultural and natural history of Siberia. Firstly, we identified several grass taxa in the mannequin's stuffing. Most of them are characteristic for the steppe zone; the only exception is C. subtilis, which usually inhabits riverbanks. Therefore, we assume that, despite being primarily stuffed with the steppe plants, the Oglakhty mannequin was crafted on a riverbank, where C. subtilis might have got inside likely by chance. It is important to note that the stuffing process apparently took place after the vegetation season of C. subtilis in second half of summer and the beginning of autumn. Secondly, our research suggests that a population of C. subtilis, which is currently absent from the documented flora of southern Siberia, previously grew in the Minusinsk Basin wetlands. Our study highlights the need for field expeditions aimed to identify endemic populations of C. subtilis in the Yenisei River valley.

Abstract : In the 7th century BC, Battos founded the city of Cyrene and established the Battiades dynasty, which reigned from 631 to 440 BC. For several centuries, Greek settlers and native Libyan populations lived on the same territory, establishing cultural, political and above all religious interactions. Cyrene's biggest religious celebrations, the Carneia, were held in honor of Apollo, considered the most important deity in the Cyrenean pantheon. The numerous epiclesis illustrate the preponderant place of the cult of Apollo in Cyrene. This article aims to show the fundamental aspects of the cult of Apollo in Cyrene, from its beginnings to the end of the Hellenistic period. Drawing on literary, epigraphic and numismatic sources, we will examine how the god and his cult shaped Cyrene's community identity. Mots clés : Apollon, culte, Cyrène, épiclèses, temple Keywords: Apollo, cult, Cyrene, epiclesis, temple

Abstract: This article discusses the history of the world's oldest profession, prostitution, and its official establishment in Athens in the 5th century to address urgent socio-economic issues. Without even meaning to, prostitution became part of the legal and political sphere. Greek marriage legislation encouraged its institutionalisation: prostitution was established in Greece under Solon to restore social order and the marriage market, and to prevent abuses (rape of free women, early marriages and pregnancies, etc.). The official establishment of brothels and houses of ill repute housing slave women and foreign women of easy virtue made it possible to satisfy the libido or sexual appetite of young citizens and men of marriageable age and helped to guarantee the chastity or virginity of free girls by prohibiting any sexual relations before marriage. However, this same legislation only concerns female prostitution and punishes male prostitutes with atimia. Through this literary and historical study, it is truly the history of gender that is addressed. Mots-clés : Prostitution, Économie, Société, Esclaves, Institutions, Genre, Grèce, Antiquité Keywords: Prostitution, Economy, Society, Slaves, Institutions, Gender, Greece, Antiquity

Henry James is one of the authors who made a significant contribution to the development of American Realism, which has not lost its importance in American literature since the 19th century, and is crucial even in the 20th century and serves as the foundation stone of Psychological Realism. “The wings of Dove ” is a 1902 novel by Henry James. It tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her effect on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honourable motives, while others are more self-interested

The complete blood count (CBC) began its evolution at the end of the 19th century with the development of the hemacytometer to count blood cells. Soon thereafter, the hematocrit, a method to determine the packed red cell volume, was described in Sweden. Eventually, the mean volume and hemoglobin content of red cells were added. Stains that distinguished individual leukocyte types permitted differential white cell counts: the product of the total white cell count and the fraction of each white cell type. A reliable means to count platelets rounded out the manual CBC. In 1954, Wallace Coulter introduced the Model A electronic particle counter. Modifications and advancements evolved into the Model S, a rapid, accurate, electronic method to determine the standard variables in the CBC and an array of additional measurements. Electronic particle counting has undergone numerous further developments including the application of florescence technology, such that approximately 30 variables can be measured as part of a CBC. This evolution has led to a chaotic situation; a recent study showed that the CBC ranged from 12 to over 24 variables when measured at either community or academic hospital hematology laboratories. Out-of-range values, frequent and often trivial, have to be reconciled for patient and physician. Redundant and very low value variables have accrued in the CBC. We propose a major change in the CBC depending on the reason for its measurement. These recommendations markedly decrease the variables measured and make the results more impactful, which will enhance the physician's focus on the use of this key laboratory test to the benefit of the patient's care.