137Cs Measurements Research Articles

Using radiotracers 137Cs and 210Pbex to document climate change in mountain areas through the estimate of soil erosion rates

Abstract. During the last few decades, a general increase in heavy rainfall events has been documented in many areas of the world. These events have caused changes in soil erosion rates and strongly affected the human activities in mountain areas by reducing the national income obtained from cultivated land. In this context, the use of fallout radiotracers can be an important tool for better understanding the consequences of climate change in these areas and proposing effective countermeasures in order to reduce soil loss. In this contribution, plot experiments carried out in southern Italy that involve the use of 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were performed to estimate soil erosion rates during the last few decades. The overall results indicate an increase in soil erosion rates during the last 15–20 years and suggest the use of this technique to detect climate change in mountain areas.

Soil redistribution rates along the forested and cultivated steep hillslope in the mid‐Himalayas using fallout—137Cs and RUSLE model

AbstractSoil erosion emerged as a significant land degradation concern, causing serious threat to soil ecosystem services in the Himalayan region. The complex topography of the region poses limitations to the measurement of soil redistribution (erosion, transport, and deposition) rate, necessitated for the effective soil conservation planning. The study investigated soil redistribution processes over a typical complex hillslope of the mid‐Himalayan region using the fallout radionuclide (FRN)—137Cs method and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. It involved a comparison of 137Cs measured soil redistribution and the RUSLE model estimates, aiming to assess its correspondence over the complex hillslope. Analysis of 137Cs measurements revealed the highest net erosion (−13.2 t ha−1 year−1) at the upper hillslope with a convex shape, while sediment deposition occurred at the lower (36.9 t ha−1 year−1) and valley (32.5 t ha−1 year−1) hillslope positions with a concave shape. The RUSLE model also estimated the highest erosion on the upper hillslope (−12.3 t ha−1 year−1) but the lowest erosion at the lower (−0.88 t ha−1 year−1) and valley (−0.32 t ha−1 year−1) hillslopes, that differed with the 137Cs method. The 137Cs method provided soil redistribution rate (either net erosion or deposition), whereas RUSLE model only showed the gross erosion rate. Thus, the estimate from RUSLE corresponds only to hillslope positions with a convex and straight shapes. The distribution of 137Cs measurements has clearly revealed the influence of slope shape and steepness in governing erosion and deposition processes at the hillslope positions with convex and concave slope shapes, respectively. In addition, terraces effectively trap sediments from upslope areas. Investigation of soil erosion using 137Cs measurement along with the RUSLE model helped to validate erosion and deposition processes over the hillslope positions. The study will help to suggest suitable conservation measures for the various hillslope positions in the mid‐Himalayan region.

Calibration of medical gamma cameras for estimation of internal contamination from 137Cs

Calibration of 22 gamma camera units was performed at 15 hospitals in southern and western Sweden to estimate 137Cs contamination in humans in a supine static geometry, with a new developed calibration protocol and phantom. The minimum detectable activities (MDAs) and the estimated committed effective doses (CEDs) were calculated for each calibration. Generic calibration factors were calculated for five predetermined groups based on the detector type and manufacturer. Group 1 and 2 included NaI-based gamma cameras from General Electrics (GEs) with a crystal thickness of 5/8′′ and 3/8′′ respectively. Group 3 and 4 included NaI-based gamma cameras from Siemens Healthineers with a crystal thickness of 3/8′′, with a similar energy window as the GE NaI-based cameras and a dual window respectively. Group 5 included semiconductor-based gamma cameras from GE with a CdZnTe (CZT) detector. The generic calibration factors were 60.0 cps kBq−1, 52.3 cps kBq−1, 50.3 cps kBq−1, 53.2 cps kBq−1 and 48.4 cps kBq−1 for group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. The MDAs ranged between 169 and 1130 Bq for all groups, with measurement times of 1–10 min, corresponding to a CED of 4.77–77.6 μSv. A dead time analysis was performed for group 1 and suggested a dead time of 3.17 μs for 137Cs measurements. The dead time analysis showed that a maximum count rate of 232 kcps could be measured in the calibration geometry, corresponding to a CED of 108–263 mSv. It has been shown that semiconductor-based gamma cameras with CZT detectors are feasible for estimating 137Cs contamination. The generic calibration factors derived in this study can be used for gamma cameras of the same models in other hospitals, for measurements in the same measurement geometry. This will increase the measurement capability for estimating internal 137Cs contamination in the recovery phase following radiological or nuclear events.

High-purity germanium semiconductor modeling in the detector response function toolkit

We have extended the detector response function toolkit (DRiFT) to provide modeling capabilities of semiconductor sensors. DRiFT provides realistic nuclear instrumentation response by post-processing Monte-Carlo N-particle (MCNP®) radiation transport outputs. MCNP® is capable of modeling radiation transport in complex environments, but has limited detector physics and readout electronics modeling capabilities. Semiconductor detector response can be calculated with a high-fidelity for a flexible range of environments by utilizing MCNP® to simulate radiation interactions inside of detector volumes, and then using DRiFT to model charge transport and signal formation in the semiconductor, as well as the readout electronics. DRiFT models charge transport in the semiconductor, the preamplifier, shaping amplifier, pulse pile-up, and electronic noise to generate detector response. The semiconductor application in DRiFT can model a range of semiconductor materials, shapes, and sizes; and is demonstrated here for a large volume coaxial high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Here, we compare detector response functions of a coaxial HPGe detector with measurement of 60Co, 133Ba, and 137Cs at varying count rates, and we conduct a parameter study to demonstrate the effect of changing parameters in the DRiFT simulation. The HPGe detector response function shows excellent agreement with measurements of difference sources with varying dead times and count rates.

Development of a Novel DGT Passive Sampler for Measuring Cs-137 In Situ in Marine Environments.

Cs-137 is the most released fission product in the marine environment. It is important to develop a robust in situ technique for its monitoring. The existing diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) passive sampling techniques for in situ measurement of Cs+ have some limitations due to the ion competition and high pH of seawater. A new DGT sampler based on potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate (KZFCN) as a binding layer has been developed and investigated for the measurement of the time-weighted average concentration of Cs-137 in seawater. This binding layer proved a working pH range of 2-12 and an ionic strength of up to 0.75 M. Two types of diffusive gels were tested and agarose gel (AGE) was chosen for the KZFCN-DGT sampler. The measured Cs+ diffusion coefficient (1.71 × 10-5 cm2·s-1 at 25 °C) in the diffusive gel from seawater was within the expected range published in the literature. The measured concentrations of Cs-137 in seawater obtained by laboratory deployments of the KZFCN-DGT samplers for up to 4 weeks showed good precision (RSD = 13%) and accuracy (relative error = 8.5%) values. The performance test results demonstrated that the KZFCN-DGT sampler is suitable for long-term monitoring of Cs-137 in seawater due to its high capacity and resistance to ion competition and high pH.

Assessing soil erosion in a semiarid ecosystem in Central Argentina using 137Cs and 7Be measurements

ABSTRACT Argentina is a Latin American country which encounters soil degradation problems. The most productive regions have implemented conservative land practices (no-till). However, agricultural frontier has been displaced to marginal lands with arid and semiarid climates, with the consequent disappearance in many areas of native forest and land degradation. In this work, the fallout of gamma-emitting radionuclides, 137Cs and 7Be, was jointly used to assess changes in soil erosion in a recently converted semiarid ecosystem into agricultural land. 137Cs was utilized to estimate the erosion over the past 60 years, whereas 7Be was employed to estimate the erosion after the conversion of the area to cultivated land and soil tillage. For 137Cs the Proportional Model (PM), the Mass Balance Model II (MBMII) and the MODERN model were used, for 7Be the Profile Distribution Model (PDM) and the MODERN model were used. 137Cs indicates mean erosional rates of 8.2, 10.5 and 6.5 Mg ha−1 a−1, using MBMII, PM and MODERN, respectively, and that a soil layer between 0.5 and 0.8 mm was annually lost by erosion. By applying a 7Be tracer, we measured erosion rates of 2.4 and 3.3 Mg ha−1 (with PDM and Modern, respectively), indicating the loss of the upper 0.2 mm of soil. This erosion can be attributed to a few heavy rainfalls that occurred within the past 90 days. The results suggest that current land management practices have led to an increase in soil erosion. This could be attributed to the fact that the soil remains bare after crop harvest, which may compromise its conservation and future productivity.

Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Cs-137 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 137Cs to include the 2014 result of the NRC (Canada) and the 2018 result of the TENMAK-NÜKEN (Türkiye)

Main textSince 1976, 23 laboratories have submitted 45 samples of 137Cs to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Cs-137. The NRC (Canada) and the TENMAK-NÜKEN (Türkiye) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been updated.The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR or linked to the SIR from the COOMET.RI(II)-K2.Cs-137 comparison and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical representation is also given.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Potential of pine forest in controlling soil erosion in Himalayan region - Investigation using fallout radionuclide (137Cs) measurements

The Himalayas possess a distinctive topography owe to the dynamic interplay of tectonic activity, geological erosion and sedimentation, glacial processes, and climatic influences over the millions of years. The rugged, steep terrain and poor land management make it more prone to water erosion, negatively impacts the soil, affecting the goods and services supported by the soil ecosystems. Traditional methods used in soil erosion assessment face limitations when dealing with topographically complex hillslopes. The use of Fallout Radionuclide (FRN) -137Cs provides a feasible alternative for measurement of soil erosion in the region with such topography. However, there is lack of 137Cs-based soil erosion studies in the north-west Himalayas. Pine (Pinus roxburghii) is the predominant forest type in the Himalayas, offering numerous benefits to both natural ecosystems and human beings. In this study, we selected a typical steep hillslope covered with pine forest in the Himalayas for soil erosion assessment. The study measured 137Cs reference inventory of 1409 Bq m−2 in the landscape. Importantly, the concentration of 137Cs along the hillslope positions showed a significant variation attributed to topographic variability. Topographic factors, such as the slope shape and gradient, were identified as the major governing parameters of soil erosion in the hilly and mountainous region. The net soil erosion rate over hillslope positions revealed highest at upper hillslope followed by ridge, middle and valley hillslope positions. The net soil erosion rate under the pine forest ranged from 8.0 to 14.6 t ha−1 yr−1, with an average rate of 9.9 t ha−1 yr−1. Erosion rate over the hillslope positions were found in accordance to the soil loss tolerance limit (SLTL) except for the upper hillslope, indicating it as critical slope position requires to adopt suitable conservation measures. The study signifies the role of the forest in mitigating soil erosion and, in turn, conserving soil resources. The findings provide crucial insights and guidance to land managers and decision-makers, emphasizing the necessity of conserving and restoring forests in the Himalayas.

Geodynamic processes in subduction zones and interpretation of grace measurement data

The paper discusses the results of studies of the process of preparing catastrophic earthquakes in the subduction zone in combination with the interpretation of measurement data from the GRACE space system (CS) regarding these zones. An analysis of digital maps of gravity anomalies in the form of the spatial distribution of the EWH parameter relative to the corresponding focal areas of the strongest subduction earthquakes that occurred over the past 20 years was performed. It is shown using examples of studying the strongest earthquakes in subduction zones that GRACE CS measurement data can serve as the basis for assessing the stress-strain state of the geoenvironment. At the same time these data make it possible to increase the accuracy and reliability of solving prognostic problems. In particular the productivity of the trigger and barycenter concepts has been confirmed in relation to the identified features of the strongest earthquakes.

Using Cs-137 measurements and RUSLE model to explore the effect of land use changes on soil erosion and deposition rates in a mid-sized catchment in southern Italy

In some areas of southern Italy, the change in land use over the last 4–5 decades has increased pressure on land and water resources and caused different forms of soil degradation. In order to mitigate the magnitude of soil erosion, different strategies that include construction of flood control structures and reforestation programs have been done in several areas. However, quantifying the effectiveness of these strategies is difficult in absence of direct measurements of soil erosion. To cover this information gap, the use of distributed numerical models coupled with measurements of the radionuclide cesium-137 (137Cs) offers a good alternative to the classic experimental sites (plot, catchments) that, on the contrary, require long term datasets to produce reliable estimates of soil loss. In this paper, measurements of 137Cs in a floodplain area are firstly described for a representative Calabrian catchment as an example to reconstruct the trend of soil deposition rates during the last six decades. These measurements have been integrated with estimates of soil loss obtained with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model for which land use maps of different periods are available. The final comparison between estimates of soil erosion provided by the RUSLE at catchment scale and sedimentation rates derived from 137Cs measurements on depositional areas allowed interesting information on the trend of soil erosion and deposition rates in these areas to be obtained.

Application of 137Cs tracer technique in floodplain deposition research in mesoscale river basins

Floodplain deposition can provide important historical information about river systems. 137Cs tracer measurement is the most widely used technique for studying floodplain deposition. One-time sampling is normally used to date or estimate erosion and deposition rates, while time-interval sampling has rarely been applied. Northeast China is an important grain production area characterized by intense erosion and a low sediment transport ratio. Most studies of the region have focused on slope sedimentation, while floodplain sedimentation has received little attention. In this study, two-time steps of cross-sectional sediment core sample collection were performed to examine the floodplain sedimentation in the river basin of the Laolai River, a tributary of the Songhua River. The potential for using 137Cs to estimate the sediment deposition rate for a given time-interval was also investigated. A total of 18 cross-sections were acquired, and three repeated cross-sections were selected for double sampling. Significant differences were observed between the results obtained from the samples collected in separate rounds, suggesting the presence of internal heterogeneity during floodplain sedimentation and a significant influence of sampling positions on the analysis results. In the basin examined, sedimentation often occurs midstream, upstream, and at the outlet, and was mainly affected by topography, reservoir construction, and land use. Sedimentation occurs easily at wide, flat outlets or river intersections in braided water systems. It was observed that downstream floodplain sedimentation was increased by sediment interception by upstream reservoirs, but reduced by forests near floodplains. Sedimentation rates were significantly different between the 1954 and 1963 time markers, and we found that using rates from 1954 alone would lead to underestimation. When 137Cs sedimentation and floodplain distribution are used to determine flooding occurrence, variations in 137Cs content and particle size distribution should be considered. River bank erosion in this region should be taken into account, and riparian protection is required to reduce erosion and floodplain deposition. Since 137Cs is absent in fine particles when the sediment is predominantly sand, 137Cs measurement may underestimate the sediment deposition rate.

A comparison of different detection techniques for 137Cs measurements of cattle in vivo.

Agricultural lands with farm animals (e.g. cattle) can be significantly affected by radioactive contamination following nuclear or radiation accidents. In order to optimise the techniques for measuring 137Cs in contaminated cattle, selected radiation detectors have been tested and calibrated using volumetric radiation sources. In addition, a mathematical phantom of a cow was created within Monte Carlo simulations. The main aim of the research was to propose a method for making rapid measurements of 137Cs in cattle in vivo/in situ and to select the most suitable measurement set-up. Measurements of contaminated cattle in vivo were carried out in Belarus with one selected detector, and were then compared with measurements of meat in a laboratory and with measurements of a control group of cows. The proposed measurement method was also tested on measurements of 137Cs in wild boars in Czechia with higher levels of the 137Cs activity.

Long-term study (1987-2023) on the distribution of 137Cs in soil following the Chernobyl nuclear accident: a comparison of temporal migration measurements and compartment model predictions.

After the Chernobyl accident, a designated area of ~1000m2 within the University farm of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece was utilized as a test ground for radioecological measurements. The profile of 137Cs in the soil was monitored from 1987 to 2023, with soil samples collected in 5-cm-thick slices (layers) down to a depth of 30cm. The mean total deposition of 137Cs in the area, backdated to the time of the Chernobyl accident, was determined to be 18.6±1.8kBqm-2 based on four follow-up profile measurements of 137Cs in the soil for the years 2022 and 2023. It is noteworthy that this value is similar the total deposition at the site, which was independently measured to be about 20kBqm-2 during the first year after the Chernobyl accident. The fractional contribution of each soil layer (e.g., 0-5cm, 5-10cm, 10-15cm, etc.) to the total deposition of 137Cs (0-30cm) is presented and analyzed. A compartment model was utilized to forecast the temporal evolution of fractional contributions of the different soil layers to the total deposition of 137Cs (0-30cm). In this model, each soil layer is represented as a separate compartment. The model assumes that the transfer rates between adjacent compartments are equal. The agreement between the measured fractional contributions and the model predictions suggests that the compartment model with equal transfer rates can capture the broad patterns of 137Cs migration within the soil layers over the long period of 1987-2023. However, the use of a second compartment model with increasing transfer rates between consecutive soil layers did not align with the observed outcomes. This indicates that diffusion may not be the primary migration mechanism over the 36-y period covered by our study.

Connecting beliefs, mindsets, anxiety and self-efficacy in computer science learning: an instrument for capturing secondary school students’ self-beliefs

ABSTRACT Background and Context Few instruments exist to measure students’ CS engagement and learning especially in areas where coding happens with creative, project-based learning and in regard to students’ self-beliefs about computing. Objective We introduce the CS Interests and Beliefs Inventory (CSIBI), an instrument designed for novice secondary students learning by designing projects (particularly with physical computing). The inventory contains subscales on beliefs on problem solving competency, fascination in design, value of CS, creative expression, and beliefs about context-specific CS abilities alongside programming mindsets and outcomes. We explain the creation of the instrument and attend to the role of mindsets as mediators of self-beliefs and how CSIBI may be adapted to other K-12 project-based learning settings. Method We administered the instrument to 303 novice CS secondary students who largely came from historically marginalized backgrounds (gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status). We assessed the nine-factor structure for the 32-item instrument using confirmatory factor analysis and tested the hypothesized model of mindsets as mediators with structural equation modeling. Findings We confirmed the nine-factor structure of CSIBI and found significant positive correlations across factors. The structural model results showed that problem solving competency beliefs and CS creative expression promoted programming growth mindset, which subsequently fostered students’ programming self-concept. Implications We validated an instrument to measure secondary students’ self-beliefs in CS that fills several gaps in K-12 CS measurement tools by focusing on contexts of learning by designing. CSIBI can be easily adapted to other learning by designing computing education contexts.

Combining plot observations and 137Cs measurements to provide estimates of soil erosion rate during the last six decades: results from a cultivated area in Southern Italy

Combining plot observations and 137Cs measurements to provide estimates of soil erosion rate during the last six decades: results from a cultivated area in Southern Italy

IMAGE WATERMARKING ON DEGRADED COMPRESSED SENSING MEASUREMENTS

This paper proposes an additive watermarking on sparse or compressible coefficients of the host image in the presence of blurring and additive noise degradation. The sparse coefficients are obtained through basis pursuit (BP). Watermark recovery is done through deblurring, and performance is studied here for Wiener and fast total variation deconvolution (FTVD) techniques; the first one needs the actual or an estimate of the noise variance, while the second one is blind. Extensive simulations are done on images for different CS measurements along with a wide range of noise variations. Simulation results show that FTVD with an optimum value for regularization parameter enables the extraction of the watermark image in visually recognizable form, while Wiener deconvolution neither restores the watermarked image nor the watermark when no knowledge of noise is used.

Innovative ICP-MS/MS Method To Determine the 135Cs/137Cs Ratio in Low Activity Environmental Samples.

The 135Cs/137Cs isotopic ratio is a powerful tool for tracing the origin of radioactive contamination. Since the Fukushima accident, this ratio has been measured by mass spectrometry in several highly contaminated environmental matrices mainly collected near nuclear accident exclusion zones and former nuclear test areas. However, few data were reported at 137Cs environmental levels (<1 kBq kg-1). This is explained by the occurrence of analytical challenges related to the very low radiocesium content at the environmental level with the large presence of mass interferences, making 135Cs and 137Cs measurements difficult. To overcome these difficulties, a highly selective procedure for Cs extraction/separation combined with an efficient mass spectrometry measurement must be applied on a quantity of ca. 100 g of soil. In the current research, an innovative inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) method has been developed for the 135Cs/137Cs ratio measurement in low activity environmental samples. The use of ICP-MS/MS led to a powerful suppression of 135Cs and 137Cs interferences by introducing N2O, He, and, for the first time, NH3, into the collision-reaction cell. By adjusting the flow rates of these gases, the best compromise between a maximum signal in Cs and an effective interference elimination was achieved allowing a high Cs sensitivity of more than 1.105 cps/(ng g-1) and low background levels at m/z 135 and 137 lower than 0.6 cps. The accuracy of the developed method was successfully verified by analyzing two certified reference materials (IAEA-330 and IAEA-375) commonly used in the literature as validation samples and three sediment samples collected in the Niida River catchment (Japan) impacted by the Fukushima fallout.

Comparative study on gamma-ray detectors for in-situ ocean radiation monitoring system

Large-sized crystals and state-of-the-art photosensors are desirable to cope with low environmental radioactivity (e.g., 1–2 Bq∙m−3137Cs in surface seawater) for homeland security purposes. We compared the performances of two different gamma-ray detector assemblies, GAGG crystal + silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and NaI(Tl) crystal + photomultiplier tube, for our mobile in-situ ocean radiation monitoring system. We performed energy calibration, followed by water tank experiments with varying the depth of a137Cs point source. Experimental energy spectra were compared with MCNP-simulated spectra with identical setup and the consistency was validated. We finally assessed the detection efficiency and minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the detectors. Both GAGG and NaI detectors exhibited favorable energy resolutions (7.98 ± 0.13% and 7.01 ± 0.58% at 662 keV, respectively) and MDAs (33.1 ± 0.0645 and 13.5 ± 0.0327 Bq∙m−3 for 24-h 137Cs measurement, respectively). Matching the geometry of the GAGG crystal with that of the NaI crystal, the GAGG detector outperformed the NaI detector. The results demonstrated that the GAGG detector is potentially advantageous over the NaI detector in detection efficiency and compactness.

Carbon stars as standard candles – III. Un-binned maximum likelihood fitting and comparison with TRGB estimations

ABSTRACTIn the second paper of this series, we developed a new distance determination method using the median J magnitude of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars (CS) as standard candles and the Magellanic Clouds as the fundamental calibrators. The J-band CS luminosity function was modelled using a modified Lorentzian distribution whose parameters were used to determine whether the Large or Small Magellanic cloud was the most suitable calibrator. In this third paper of the series, we expand our sample of galaxies and introduce a more robust method to determine the parameters of the Lorentzian model. The new fitting method uses an un-binned maximum likelihood estimator to determine the parameters of the Lorentzian model resulting in parameter errors that are significantly smaller compared to the second paper. We test our method in NGC 6822, IC 1613, NGC 3109, and WLM. We also estimate the distances to the same sample of galaxies via the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) detection method. Our results from the CS measurements agree well with those obtained from the TRGB.

Paleoenvironmental evolution and evidence of marine submersion events from mid-to late Holocene in northwestern Morocco: The case of the Tahaddart lower estuary

The present study aims at reconstructing mid-to late Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of the Tahaddart lower estuary (NW of Morocco) and to find possible sedimentary evidence of past marine submersion events (storm surges and tsunamis). This is achieved through the study of four sedimentary cores and by using a multiproxy approach that combines sedimentological, geochemical and foraminiferal analyses. Radioisotope measurements of 210Pbex, 137Cs and 14C were used to provide a chronological framework of the studied cores. The results show that the Tahaddart lower estuary has evolved from a bay-like environment characterized by very shelly sandy facies (i.e., marine phase) between ∼6800 and ∼625 cal BP, to an estuarine system after ∼625 cal BP, with a dominance of fine-grained sediments (i.e., estuarine phase). We further identified several sedimentary deposits that we interpret as possible marine submersion events. Two events were identified in the marine phase at ∼3800 cal BP and ∼2700 cal BP, in coherence with previously documented marine high-energy deposits located on the Atlantic Iberian coast. In the estuarine phase of the cores, two other events were detected and dated at ∼625 cal BP and ∼200 cal BP. The latter coincides with the 1755 CE Lisbon tsunami (195 cal BP).