10-year Treasury Research Articles

Fiscal Policies and Credit Regimes: A TVAR Approach

SUMMARY This work investigates how the state of credit markets affects the impact of fiscal policies. We estimate a threshold vector autoregression (TVAR) model on US quarterly data for the period 1984–2010. We employ the spread between BAA-rated corporate bond yield and 10-year treasury constant maturity rate as a proxy for credit conditions. We find that the response of output to fiscal policy shocks is stronger and more persistent when the economy is in the ‘tight’ credit regime. Fiscal multipliers are significantly different in the two regimes: they are abundantly and persistently higher than one when firms face increasing financing costs, whereas they are feebler and often lower than one in the ‘normal’ credit regime. The results appear to be robust to different model specifications, fiscal foresight, alternative threshold variables, different measure of variables and sample periods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dynamic dependence of the global Islamic equity index with global conventional equity market indices and risk factors

Past studies have shown considerable differences between equity markets in conventional and Islamic financial systems, in terms of financial products and principles. Using a copula approach, this study shows that the global Islamic equity market index (represented by the Dow Jones Islamic Market Index) exhibits significant dependence with three major global conventional equity indices (Asia, Europe, and United States) and the global factors (oil prices, stock market implied volatility (VIX), the U.S. 10-year Treasury bond interest rate, and the 10-year European Monetary Union government bond index) which are common to the world financial system and pertinent to contagion risks in the case of financial crises. Moreover, this dependence varies over time for all cases except the S&P 500 index and is also asymmetric between bear and bull markets in some cases. Our findings thus suggest that the Sharia-compliance rules are not restrictive enough to make the global Islamic equity market index very different from the conventional indices. In addition, the decoupling hypothesis of the Islamic equity universe from the conventional financial system is not well supported by our empirical evidence.

News and monetary shocks at a high frequency: A simple approach

We develop a simple approach to identify economic news and monetary shocks at a high frequency. The approach is used to examine financial market developments in the United States following the Federal Reserve’s May 22, 2013 taper talk suggesting that it would begin winding down its quantitative easing program. Our findings show that the sharp rise in 10-year Treasury bond yields immediately after the taper talk was largely due to monetary shocks, with positive economic news becoming increasingly important in subsequent months.

Investing in gold: Individual asset risk in the long run

This study examines gold’s contribution to portfolio risk over different time scales. The analysis is based on wavelet decompositions of the variances and covariances associated with a portfolio that includes gold, stocks, 10-year government bonds and three-month Treasury bills. The results suggest that gold provides the lowest contribution to portfolio risk only when considered over medium- and long-term investment horizons.

The Response of Equity Prices to Movements in Long-Term Interest Rates Associated with Monetary Policy Statements: Before and after the Zero Lower Bound

Monetary policy actions since 2008 have influenced long-term interest rates through forward guidance and quantitative easing. We propose a strategy to identify the comovement between interest rate and equity price movements induced by monetary policy when an observable representing policy changes, such as changes in the interbank rate, is not available. A decline in long-term interest rates induced by monetary policy statements prior to 2009 is accompanied by a 6- to 9-percent increase in equity prices. This association is substantially attenuated in the period since the zero-lower bound has been binding - with a policy-induced 100 basis-point decline in 10-year Treasury yields associated with a 1½- to 3-percent increase in equity prices. Empirical analysis suggests this attenuation does not represent a change in responses to monetary-policy induced movements in interest rates, but reflects the importance of both short- and long-term interest rates.

An Intermarket Approach to Tactical Risk Rotation: Using the Signaling Power of Treasuries to Generate Alpha and Enhance Asset Allocation

Numerous academic studies have shown that asset allocation is the single most important determinant of portfolio returns. We accept this premise but note that an optimal asset allocation strategy must still be determined based on dynamic conditions. Using the principles of intermarket analysis and the relationship between the total return of the 10-year Treasury and the 30-year Treasury, we develop one such strategy. We find that an active strategy that uses the signaling power of these Treasury bonds to position into either the stock market or Treasuries can be used to outperform a buy and hold stock portfolio on an absolute and risk-adjusted basis. We also find that the signaling power of Treasuries can be used to enhance asset allocation decisions and traditional rebalancing. The predictive behavior of Treasuries on equities is a market anomaly that has persisted over time, and has served as an anticipatory gauge of expansionary or contractionary conditions which favor stocks or bonds. Contrary to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the information provided by relative total return Treasury movement does not appear to be priced in immediately by broad stock market averages, and therefore may be exploitable for active traders and tactical asset allocators.

Cross-Country-Heterogeneous and Time-Varying Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policies in AEs on Portfolio Inflows to EMEs

This paper examines cross-country heterogeneity and time-variability in the effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) in advanced economies (AEs) on portfolio inflows to emerging economies (EMEs), with a panel smooth transition regression model. The drivers of the two dimensional nonlinearities are country-specific factors such as the current account, real effective exchange rate deviation from its historical average, and foreign exchange reserves. The elasticity of portfolio inflows to EMEs with respect to a direct quantitative measure of UMP, growth in the Fed’s security assets, tends to be higher with a higher current account, higher exchange rate appreciation expectations, and greater foreign exchange reserve holdings, while the results are the opposite with a price measure of UMP, a change in the US 10-year Treasury yield. These results imply that a price UMP shock from news about or impending QE tapering would more adversely affect an EME with a weaker external sector. If QE tapering is actually implemented with clearer signs of economic recovery in AEs, the increase in global liquidity due to AE recoveries will help EMEs muddle relatively easily through the quantitative shock from the reduction in the Fed’s security assets.

Monetary Policy and Real Borrowing Costs at the Zero Lower Bound

This paper compares the effects of conventional monetary policy on real borrowing costs with those of the unconventional measures employed after the target federal funds rate hit the zero lower bound (ZLB). For the ZLB period, we identify two policy surprises: changes in the 2-year Treasury yield around policy announcements and changes in the 10-year Treasury yield that are orthogonal to those in the 2-year yield. The efficacy of unconventional policy in lowering real borrowing costs is comparable to that of conventional policy, in that it implies a complete pass-through of policy-induced movements in Treasury yields to comparable-maturity private yields.

Term Structure Modeling with Supply Factors and the Federal Reserve's Large-Scale Asset Purchase Programs

This paper estimates an arbitrage-free term structure model with both observable yield factors and Treasury and Agency MBS supply factors, and uses it to evaluate the term premium effects of the Federal Reserve's large-scale asset purchase programs. Our estimates show that the first and the second large-scale asset purchase programs and the maturity extension program jointly reduced the 10-year Treasury yield by about 100 basis points.

Monetary Policy and Real Borrowing Costs at the Zero Lower Bound

This paper compares the effects of conventional monetary policy on real borrowing costs with those of the unconventional measures employed after the target federal funds rate hit the zero lower bound (ZLB). For the ZLB period, we identify two policy surprises: changes in the 2-year Treasury yield around policy announcements and changes in the 10-year Treasury yield that are orthogonal to those in the 2-year yield. The efficacy of unconventional policy in lowering real borrowing costs is comparable to that of conventional policy, in that it implies a complete pass-through of policy-induced movements in Treasury yields to comparable-maturity private yields.

News and Monetary Shocks at a High Frequency: A Simple Approach

We develop a simple approach to identify economic news and monetary shocks at a high frequency. The approach is used to examine financial market developments in the United States following the Federal Reserve’s May 22, 2013 taper talk suggesting that it would begin winding down its quantitative easing program. Our findings show that the sharp rise in 10-year Treasury bond yields immediately after the taper talk was largely due to monetary shocks, with positive economic news becoming increasingly important in subsequent months.

News and Monetary Shocks at a High Frequency: A Simple Approach

We develop a simple approach to identify economic news and monetary shocks at a high frequency. The approach is used to examine financial market developments in the United States following the Federal Reserve’s May 22, 2013 taper talk suggesting that it would begin winding down its quantitative easing program. Our findings show that the sharp rise in 10-year Treasury bond yields immediately after the taper talk was largely due to monetary shocks, with positive economic news becoming increasingly important in subsequent months.

Determinants of Mortgage Interest Rates: Treasuries versus Swaps

The 10-year Treasury rate has long been considered the primary determinant of 30-year mortgage interest rates. The contemporaneous 10-year LIBOR swap rate is shown to better explain the contemporaneous mortgage rate than the contemporaneous 10-year Treasury rate. This result appears to hold over most of the sample period, 1987–2011, using a variety of statistical tests. Given the long-held belief that the mortgage rate is best explained by the 10-year Treasury rate, this paper makes an important contribution to the literature by demonstrating that the swap rate is superior.

Effects of U.S. Unconventional Monetary Policy and Implications for QE3

On August 20, 2012, the Federal Reserve announced a third round of quantitative easing (QE3), and interest is mounting as to the significance and influence of this policy. This study analyzes the effects of US unconventional monetary policies implemented during the global financial crisis, such as quantitative easing, Operation Twist, and the Federal Reserve’s policy commitment regarding the course of short-term interest rates. Moreover, it discusses the significance and implications for the QE3. Up to now, unconventional US monetary policy actions have improved the condition of US financial markets and lowered long-term Treasury yields, mortgage-backed security (MBS) rates, and corporate bond yields. The effects of the first round of quantitative easing (QE1) were the most influential, while the effects of the second round (QE2) were only about a third as potent as QE1. The effects of Operation Twist were minor compared to QE2. QE1 resulted in lowering yields on 10-year Treasury securities by 128.6 basis points (bp) and MBS yields by 136bp. QE2 caused 10-year Treasury yields to drop by 42.93bp and MBS yields by 37.25bp. The effects of the quantitative easing policy on the stock market and foreign exchange market are not statistically significant. The effects of QE3 are expected to be less than the previous two QE programs. Up to now, QE3 has lowered 10-year Treasury yields by 8bp and MBS yields by 32.3bp. The implementation of the QE policy in major advanced economies may cause so-called excess global liquidity problems. Global liquidity expansion may result in instability in foreign exchange and international commodity markets.

Forecasting the return distribution using high-frequency volatility measures

The aim of this paper is to forecast (out-of-sample) the distribution of financial returns based on realized volatility measures constructed from high-frequency returns. We adopt a semi-parametric model for the distribution by assuming that the return quantiles depend on the realized measures and evaluate the distribution, quantile and interval forecasts of the quantile model in comparison to a benchmark GARCH model. The results suggest that the model outperforms an asymmetric GARCH specification when applied to the S&P 500 futures returns, in particular on the right tail of the distribution. However, the model provides similar accuracy to a GARCH (1,1) model when the 30-year Treasury bond futures return is considered.

Forecasting the Return Distribution Using High-Frequency Volatility Measures

The aim of this paper is to forecast (out-of-sample) the distribution of financial returns based on realized volatility measures constructed from high-frequency returns. We adopt a semi-parametric model for the distribution by assuming that the return quantiles depend on the realized measures and evaluate the distribution, quantile and interval forecasts of the quantile model in comparison to a benchmark GARCH model. The results suggest that the model outperforms an asymmetric GARCH specification when applied to the S&P 500 futures returns at the 1 and 2 day, in particular on the right tail of the distribution. However, the model provides similar accuracy to a GARCH(1,1) model when the 30-year Treasury bond futures return is considered.

The contribution of US bond demand to the US bond yield conundrum of 2004–2007: An empirical investigation

Although the federal funds rate started rising from mid-2004 US long term rates continued to fall. A likely contributory factor to this ‘conundrum’ was the contemporaneous increase in US bond demand. Using ARDL based models, which accommodate structural breaks, this paper estimates the impact of foreign and domestic demand on AAA rated US bond yields in the ‘conundrum’ period. This impact is shown to have been everywhere significantly negative. The fact that our model fully explains the ‘bond yield conundrum’ gives support to the hypothesis that the US CDO market was rapidly expanded before 2007 chiefly to absorb the overspill of global demand for safe assets. Moreover, our models demonstrate that there are strong linkages between the 10-year Treasury yield and the long term yields of AAA rated non-Treasury bonds.

The Response of Equity Prices to Movements in Long-Term Interest Rates Associated with Monetary Policy Statements: Before and After the Zero Lower Bound

Monetary policy actions since 2008 have influenced long-term interest rates through forward guidance and quantitative easing. We propose a strategy to identify the comovement between interest rate and equity price movements induced by monetary policy when an observable representing policy changes, such as changes in the interbank rate, is not available. A decline in long-term interest rates induced by monetary policy statements prior to 2009 is accompanied by a 6- to 9-percent increase in equity prices. This association is substantially attenuated in the period since the zero-lower bound has been binding - with a policy-induced 100 basis-point decline in 10-year Treasury yields associated with a 1½- to 3-percent increase in equity prices. Empirical analysis suggests this attenuation does not represent a change in responses to monetary-policy induced movements in interest rates, but reflects the importance of both short- and long-term interest rates.

Term Structure Modelling with Supply Factors and the Federal Reserve's Large Scale Asset Purchase Programs

This paper proposes and estimates an arbitrage-free term structure model with both observable yield factors and Treasury and Agency MBS supply factors, and applies it to evaluate the term premium effects of Federal Reserve’s Large Scale Asset Purchase programs. Our estimates show that the first and the second large-scale asset purchase programs and the Maturity Extension program have a combined effect of about 100 basis points on the 10-year Treasury yield.

Greenspan’s Conundrum and the Fed’s Ability to Affect Long-Term Yields

In February 2005 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan noticed that the 10-year Treasury yields failed to increase despite a 150-basis-point increase in the federal funds rate as a “conundrum.” This paper shows that the connection between the 10-year yield and the federal funds rate was severed in the late 1980s, well in advance of Greenspan’s observation. The paper hypothesize that the change occurred because the Federal Open Market Committee switched from using the federal funds rate as an operating instrument to using it to implement monetary policy and presents evidence from a variety of sources supporting the hypothesis. The analysis has implications for central banks’ interest rate policies.