The study investigates the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of whole plant extracts of Torilis leptophylla L., a medicinal plant with potential therapeutic benefits. Extracts were prepared using various solvents to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed using standard assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The TPC and TFC were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Results demonstrated significant antioxidant activity across all extracts, with ethanol extracts exhibiting the highest potency. The TPC and TFC analyses revealed a strong correlation between phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight Torilis leptophylla L. as a promising source of natural antioxidants, supporting its potential use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize individual phenolic and flavonoid compounds responsible for the observed activities. This research explores the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of whole plant extracts from Torilis leptophylla L., an underutilized medicinal plant known for its health benefits. The study involved the extraction of bioactive compounds using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions to determine the most effective extraction method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through multiple assays, including DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The results revealed that ethanol extracts displayed the highest antioxidant activity, with significant free radical scavenging abilities and reducing power. The TPC and TFC analyses indicated a robust correlation between phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, suggesting that these compounds are major contributors to the plant's antioxidant properties. Specifically, the ethanol extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, correlating with its superior antioxidant performance. These findings position Torilis leptophylla L. as a potent source of natural antioxidants, underscoring its potential for development into pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

Background NeuroAIDS remains a significant clinical challenge due to the restricted ability of antiretroviral drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to persistent viral reservoirs within the central nervous system (CNS). Atazanavir, a protease inhibitor, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and limited CNS penetration, necessitating innovative delivery strategies to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in neuro-HIV management. Objective This review aims to evaluate the potential of Supersaturated Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDS) in improving the bioavailability and CNS delivery of Atazanavir. It also explores synergistic components such as rosemary oil and their role in neuroprotective effects within the context of NeuroAIDS. Methods A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using peer-reviewed articles from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies related to SNEDDS, S-SNEDDS, Atazanavir delivery, CNS targeting, BBB modulation, and phytochemical-based neuroprotection were critically analyzed and synthesized. Results Evidence from literature suggests that S-SNEDDS can significantly enhance the solubility and oral absorption of Atazanavir. Specific excipients such as surfactants and co-solvents have been reported to modulate BBB permeability, potentially facilitating CNS drug delivery. Rosemary oil components like carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid exhibit promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offering neuroprotective benefits. However, these findings are primarily based on in vitro and preclinical studies, indicating a need for further translational research. Conclusion Atazanavir-loaded S-SNEDDS represent a promising strategy for overcoming current limitations in NeuroAIDS therapy by enhancing CNS drug targeting. While current evidence is encouraging, further clinical and pharmacokinetic validation is essential. The integration of smart healthcare technologies may further optimize such delivery systems in the future.

To evaluate the effects of estrogen and estrogenic compounds on cognition in ovariectomized rats. Female Albino wistar rats (3–5 months old) weighing 250–300 g were randomly divided into seven groups: Sham, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX plus estradiol valerate, OVX plus ipriflavone, OVX plus raloxifene, OVX plus tibolone, OVX plus low-dose estradiol valerate and ipriflavone. All treatments were given orally for 3 months; whereas the drug groups received indicated drugs, the Sham and OVX control groups received saline. The escape latency of rats was tested by the Morris water maze test and the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in hippocampus was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The level of serum estradiol and the diameter of the endometrial gland and the thickness of endometrium were also evaluated. The latency of the OVX group was noticeably longer than that of the Sham group, and the latency of all treatment groups was lower than that of OVX rats. The expression of APP mRNA in the hippocampii of OVX rats was significantly increased relative to that in Sham rats; interestingly, expression of APP in treatment groups was significantly reduced relative to OVX rats.