A significant concept of good corporate governance in the contemporary international business environment is diversity in corporate boards. In this paper, the author will examine the legal requirements of board diversity in the leading jurisdictions in India, the U.S., the U.K., and the European Union. It follows a comparative legal research design, which is based on secondary sources including statutes, regulatory provisions, policy reports and academic literature. The results of the study show that despite the fact that the mandatory structures have been found to be helpful in increasing the representation particularly gender diversity, it is likely to face challenges such as tokenism and lack of enforcement. Consequently, voluntary and disclosure-based methods foster flexibility but could lead to slower improvement. The study also determines the key barriers including cultural barriers and structural barriers which are impediments towards meaningful inclusion. It concludes that a moderate solution with legal requirements and institutional support and cultural change is the key to sustainable diversity. Another area that is highlighted in the research is the necessity of harmonizing global diversity norms to reinforce the corporate governance practices across the world.

The aviation industry is facing growing pressure to become more sustainable while continuing to meet strict safety, efficiency, and performance requirements. This chapter argues that achieving sustainability in aviation cannot be accomplished through technology alone, but requires a broader transformation in leadership, human resource management, and strategic management practices. Drawing on recent studies in aviation management and sustainability, the chapter explores how sustainability-oriented innovation develops through the alignment of leadership vision, HRM systems, organizational capabilities, and governance structures. It highlights the role of ecosystem-based collaboration, integrated support systems, socio-technical change, and organizational culture in turning sustainability goals into everyday practices. By focusing on people, management, and decision-making processes, the chapter offers practical insights for aviation managers and policymakers and outlines directions for future research on leadership and HR innovation in sustainable aviation.

Developing a sustainable savings model for Russian citizens is vital for the state’s economic policy, given economic uncertainty, inflation expectations, and changing household consumption habits. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to re-examine marketing tools, which in today’s world can affect not just economic drivers but also people’s attitudes and financial conduct. This subject is to examine the use of marketing tools within state policy to shape citizen savings behavior, considering the institutional and legal factors involved. This study’s goals are to identify major marketing tool classifications and measure their performance based on citizens’ varying trust in public bodies and their financial literacy. Furthermore, the authors aim to create a theoretical framework for employing marketing as a foundational component of state policy in establishing a savings model. They also aim to organize the associated tools and evaluate their capacity to alter public behavior. Institutional and systemic perspectives, behavioral economics, comparative analysis of Russian and international data, economic and statistical techniques, and a synthesis of empirical and theoretical research form the study’s methodological core . Marketing, according to the authors, is more than just a communication tool; it’s a key component of a holistic strategy aimed at influencing public financial conduct and securing the savings model’s long-term viability. As a result , the research created a structured method for combining marketing tools with public savings policy, considering their institutional, legal, and behavioral constraints. The study’s practical importance lies in its potential to inform the creation of public savings incentives, digital financial literacy services, awareness campaigns, and behavioral nudges, while also enhancing the regulations for these initiatives.

This study examines the Purple Ocean Strategy (POS) as an integrative framework for multinational corporations in the U.S. food and beverage industry. Traditional strategic models show limitations: Porter's Five Forces assumes stable industry structures unsuited for market volatility, while Blue Ocean Strategy often neglects market defense. Through qualitative analysis, this research explores how POS enables corporations to defend market share and pursue growth opportunities simultaneously. Strategic ambidexterity (balancing existing operations with innovation) emerges as critical for POS implementation. Case studies of Coca-Cola and Nestlé demonstrate this balance through product diversification, glocalization, and data-driven marketing. This research contributes to strategic management theory while providing practical guidance for industry practitioners. Despite implementation challenges requiring cultural transformation and clear roadmaps, POS offers a viable approach for food and beverage multinationals seeking competitive advantage in complex markets.

Natural disasters, as defined by the Department of Homeland Security (n.d.), encompass severe weather events that threaten human health and safety, property, critical infrastructure, and national security. (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2021). Chapter 10 of this text provides a comprehensive analysis of government policies, institutional frameworks, technological applications, and financial mechanisms employed in disaster management. It evaluates the effectiveness of various disaster risk reduction strategies at global, regional, and national levels, supported by case studies that illustrate best practices and lessons learned (Smith et al., 2019). Furthermore, the chapter discusses the challenges faced by governments, including bureaucratic inefficiencies, coordination issues, and resource limitations.

Hyperkalemia in dogs and cats can cause rapid cardiac and neuromuscular compromise. Fast recognition, ECG-guided stabilization, and cause-directed therapy improve survival. Part 2 of this 2-part review gives a patient-side approach for recognition, confirmation, and emergency treatment of hyperkalemia. It integrates current veterinary evidence and core physiology into step-by-step guidance for ECG interpretation, point-of-care testing, drug selection, and monitoring. It also maps 1st-hour priorities to common etiologies such as urethral obstruction and hypoadrenocorticism. Immediate cardioprotection with intravenous calcium treats cardiotoxicity. Potassium decreases rapidly with regular insulin plus dextrose, β2 agonists serve as adjuncts, and bicarbonate is reserved for severe acidemia. Potassium elimination follows with balanced crystalloids and, when needed, renal replacement therapy. After initial stabilization, durable correction depends on identifying and treating the underlying cause and removing excess potassium from the body. Close glucose surveillance prevents late hypoglycemia after insulin. For urethral obstruction, prompt unblocking and fluids often normalize potassium with little need for repeat shifting drugs. For Addisonian crisis, fluids and glucocorticoids correct the driver while potassium decreases. Use a consistent sequence: Verify true hyperkalemia, protect the heart, shift potassium, remove potassium, and fix the cause. Pair ECG findings with serum potassium concentrations to guide action, since ECG stages do not always match absolute potassium concentrations. This approach helps emergency clinicians stabilize patients quickly and avoid relapse. Part 1 of this review covered homeostasis and causes, whereas Part 2 delivers diagnostic and treatment approaches.

In response to large-scale health crises, emergency healthcare infrastructure projects (EHIPs) have been implemented to provide healthcare services rapidly. However, few studies have systematically explored the success of these projects. This study aims to assess the success of EHIPs throughout the whole life cycle using a cloud matter-element model (CMEM). Considering multiple performance indicators that measure the success of EHIPs, a hierarchy model of the project success index is proposed through eight rounds of Delphi surveys. This model comprises 10 key performance indicators (KPIs) that are most appropriate for measuring the success of EHIPs and 20 quantitative metrics aligned with these KPIs across the life cycle. Based on the hierarchy model, the CMEM is applied to evaluate the success of EHIPs, which effectively addresses the fuzziness and randomness inherent in the Delphi process. Two cases were then utilized for verifying the practicality of the proposed project success assessment model. The findings demonstrate that the CMEM-based assessment offers not only significant flexibility but also high accuracy, robustness, and scalability. The CMEM-based assessment seamlessly integrates numerous incompatible indexes and their characteristic values, without being limited by the number of evaluation indexes. Further, sensitivity analyses are conducted to test the robustness of the assessment model and its results. These analyses confirmed that the CMEM is a robust, reliable, and adaptable tool for assessing the success of EHIPs. Theoretically, this study should set an exemplar of aggregating the performance measurement with emergency management and healthcare systems, facilitating an efficient response to major crises. It also provides a novel approach to evaluating multiple-criteria decision-making problems. Practically, this study should enable project management teams to identify and improve weak areas, ensuring continuous success in the EHIP-related domain.

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into public decision-making, its anthropomorphic features raise new questions about trust, accountability, and risk in high-stakes emergency contexts. Existing research highlights the importance of cognitive alignment between algorithmic outputs and bureaucratic reasoning, yet little is known about how AI's human-like cognitive and emotional cues shape officials' behavioral adoption. Drawing on AI anthropomorphism and dual-process theory, this study proposes a dual-path trust model linking cognitive congruence and emotional empathy in AI recommendations to officials' adoption decisions. Using a 2×2 between-subjects experiment with 322 Chinese emergency officials, the findings show that cognitive congruence has a strong positive effect on adoption, while emotional empathy has a weaker but independent effect. These results reveal a structural paradox: while emotional empathy can increase initial acceptance, only cognitive congruence reliably enhances adoption by providing the defensible rationale needed to mitigate perceived liability risks and operational uncertainty in high-stakes crises. The study offers implications for designing transparent, accountable, and trustworthy AI systems that support defensible decision-making in emergency management.

Previous studies have shown poison centers (PCs) reduce healthcare costs, often by preventing unnecessary emergency care visits. An updated cost-savings estimate has not been recently conducted. This was a retrospective study analyzing caller survey data for a three-state American PC, gathered from 2021 to 2024. The PC's annual budget is $3.3 million (M). Eligible cases included public callers whose poisoning question was managed on-site and later completed a post-call telephone survey, including the question, "What would you have done if the poison center was not available to you?" Emergency care costs were estimated using three variables to reflect costs rather than charges. Ambulance transport costs and physician professional fee reimbursements for emergency department (ED) evaluation and management (E&M) codes were calculated from the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services published data. Facility fees from the associated E&M codes were calculated based on a general reimbursement rate of 33% of charges from our PC's affiliated safety-net hospital. E&M codes 99284 and 99285 (levels of service [LOS] 4 and 5, respectively) were used to calculate a cost-savings range. Among 1670 respondents to the survey (overall completion rate, 24%), 1346 (81%) would have immediately sought care; n=916 [55%] of which would immediately call a healthcare professional while n=430 [26%] would call 911 or go to the ED. Extrapolating survey results to our entire caller population, the estimated annual cost-savings from avoided emergency care visits for each state were as follows: Minnesota, $29.4 to 48.0M; North Dakota, $5.0 to 5.7M; South Dakota, $5.1M to 7.5M, for a benefit-to-cost ratio of $12.07 to $18.55:1. When factoring in our annual budget, this results in an annual net savings of $36.5 to 58.0M for our three-state region. Sensitivity analysis, assuming all ED visits reimbursed at LOS 4 and that ambulance transports occurred less frequently and were less costly per transport, still demonstrated robust cost-savings, with a benefit-to-cost ratio of $6.22-6.88:1. Using standard reimbursement data, we demonstrated our poison center likely saves our three-state region more than six times its annual budget solely from preventing unnecessary emergency care visits.