The article discusses the issue of the influence of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) on lawmaking in Poland. It presents the socio-legal context in which the advocacy function of such organisations is carried out. Based on original research conducted among representatives of Polish NGOs, the author analyses their opinions on the impact they have on the legislative process. The article also addresses the challenges faced by these organisations, including lack of funding and limited effectiveness of available legal instruments. The research shows that despite sectoral diversity and significant public support, most NGOs feel that their influence on the legislative process is limited.

The article explores the significance of bottom-up community involvement in the development of civil society in Poland, with a particular focus on its representation in national legal frameworks and strategic documents. Based on a review of these sources, it highlights how local governments utilise adaptable legal structures to support grassroots initiatives, especially in urban contexts, while identifying the challenges and barriers that limit the growth of informal civic activities. The findings underline the growing importance of grassroots efforts in strengthening democratic governance and fostering sustainable urban development, while emphasising the need for public policies that better accommodate the evolving nature of civic engagement.

The aim of the article is to present the idea of volunteering, which is becoming increasingly noticed by political decision-makers as an instrument for activating senior citizens. The text offers a look at the issue from a different perspective, i.e., senior citizens as potential volunteers. The article begins by recalling the theories and concepts of activity that had a significant impact on senior policies. The second section focuses on volunteering as an instrument for activating senior citizens. The activity of elderly people in Poland, both in terms of work and involvement in volunteering, places Poland behind most European countries. Then the author presents the benefits and analyses some of the barriers that may limit or prevent this type of older people’s activity. The article concludes with the statement that being an active senior citizen requires systemic support, especially when caring responsibilities for dependent aged relatives must be combined with professional work.

The commercialisation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is a significant topic in research on the financing and functioning of the non-profit sector, with both academics and public policy makers in Poland discussing it through the lens of publicly funded programmes and projects that support NGOs. The aim of the article is to describe and assess the scale of commercialisation of the non-profit sector in Poland and the challenges associated with this process. The article discusses the definition and essence of commercialisation and economisation, paying particular attention to the terminological and definitional challenges associated with these concepts. The author then presents the context of the Polish debate on the subject; selected aspects of the phenomenon are illustrated using secondary data from Statistics Poland. The final part consists of recommendations for public policy makers and suggestions for future research that can deepen knowledge on the commercialisation of the non-governmental sector.

The aim of the study is to assess the impact of the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022 on the stability of the global financial market. For the purpose of the analysis, the Financial Stress Index (FSI) published by the American Office of Financial Research (OFR) was used. The index covers financial markets of developed and developing countries, as well as the United States market. The period from 1 February 2022 to 31 December 2023 was analysed. The study consists of four parts. The first part presents the economic consequences of Russian aggression against Ukraine. The second part explains the concept of financial market stability. The third part presents the essence of the OFR FSI index. In the fourth part, an assessment of the level of stability of the global financial market after the Russian aggression against Ukraine was made using the OFR FSI index. The study showed that the war caused a significant increase in tensions in financial markets, leading to increased instability. Key factors affecting the global financial market included an increase in risk and uncertainty, as well as changes in the debt market. However, from mid-April 2023, the situation in th global financial market began to stabilise.

The article explores the military dimension of the full-scale period of Russian aggression on Ukraine whic started on 24 February 2022. The text begins with a presentation of pre-war assessments of Russian militar power and the role of armed forces in Russian security policy. The second part of the article briefly describes the war, from the Russian invasion, through the defence of Kiev, and laterthe Ukrainian counteroffensive, focusing on land operations. Maritime and air operations are also mentioned. Finally, the main part of the text juxtaposes pre-war assessments with the actual course of hostilities. Several most important trends are described

The article examines how Polish schools include Ukrainian refugee children and youth to regular education. It combines various sources of quantitative and qualitative data with the authors’ original field research to place the issue of education in the broader context of migration and the labour market. It reconstructs the diverse family contexts of Ukrainian children to demonstrate the need for diversified approaches to migrant students in education. Major results of the study point to unsatisfactory efforts by schools to strengthen relationships between Polish and migrant students. On the other hand, according to Ukrainian mothers and other sources, teacher-student relationships are usually very supportive to migrant students. However, poo relationships between students themselves hinder the learning process. Closer relations between Polish and migrant students can improve education and are important for further integration of migrants into society.

The aim of the article is to contribute to the issue of forecasting the economic impact of the settlement of Ukrainian refugees in Poland on the social insurance economic base. The immigration wave study established the state of registered immigration in Poland as of 8 August 2022 which amounted to 1.3 million Ukrainians. The main area of research presented in this article is the recognition of changes in the potential of the labour factor in the economic base of the Polish social security system. The results of the projections of population change in Poland and the projections of the ratio of the post-working age population to th working age population without and with Ukrainians in three variants and scenarios are presented. The study shows that population changes in Poland with war refugees from Ukraine will slightly alter the level of the demographic replacement rate for the baseline scenario. However, under the most negative scenario in Ukraine, there will be a noticeable improvement in the demographic dependency ratio. An increase in the demographic burden will create growing problems for the financing of pension systems in Poland as well as in Europe as a whole.

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 and then in 2022 was associated with an influx of immigrants to Poland, unprecedented in recent history, most of whom found employment in Poland relatively quickly. The article aims to examine the factors influencing employment and declarations regarding the intention to remain in Poland permanently among various groups of immigrants from Ukraine remaining in Poland. Groups of men and women were analysed, as well as the division into refugees (forced immigrants) related to the full-scale war that began in 2022 and previous economic immigrants. It has been confirmed tha among all immigrants a very good knowledge of the Polish language has a positive impact on employment and declarations of settlement in Poland. However, the analyses confirm that the same factors often have different impacts on people belonging to different analysed groups. For example, knowledge of the Polish language was essential for finding work for female refugees. Still, it was not important to take up work by voluntary immigrants who arrived before the war. No negative impact of child benefits on the employment of forced immigrants was found, but in the case of previous immigrants, these benefits were associated with a significantly lower probability of employment. The differences in motivations of different groups of Ukrainian immigrants in Poland are important from the point of view of policies facilitating the economic integration of immigrants in Poland. They are also important for predicting the propensity for settlement migration in Poland or potential returns to Ukraine in the future