China's foodborne disease (FBD) surveillance system was implemented later than those in most developed countries. However, in the past 32 years, it has undergone improvements: from pilot projects to full coverage; from a passive mode to an active one; from localized development to the integration of international standards; and from a single function to a comprehensive system.During this process, China's health administrative departments have adjusted their regulatory departments and functions for FBDs in response to evolving epidemiological patterns of FBD. Simultaneously, they have used a phased, step-by-step approach to promote the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology, according to the level of regional economic development, to facilitate FBD traceability. However, the system must be further improved in terms of traceability capabilities, multi-departmental collaboration, and data sharing mechanisms. At various historical stages, FBD outbreaks in China have shown distinct regional characteristics, and the spectrum of common pathogenic bacteria in China differs from those in the Europe Union (EU) and the United States. In China, diseases caused by microorganisms such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Echerichia coli are dominant. Since 2011, the number of FBD outbreaks has increased each year, and has been accompanied by a decline in the case fatality rate, thus reflecting improvements in foodborne detection technology in China. In the future, further integration of advanced technologies such as WGS will be necessary to enhance surveillance sensitivity, strengthen active and targeted surveillance of key populations, and establish a risk warning model tailored to China's dietary characteristics, thereby increasing the effectiveness of FBD prevention and control.

IntroductionColistin is a last-resort antimicrobial used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in humans. In Indonesia, widespread detection of colistin use and resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from poultry, particularly broilers, led to a national ban on its use in livestock effective since July 1st, 2020. However, the impact of this policy intervention on colistin resistance in both humans and livestock has not yet been evaluated. The COINCIDE study aims to investigate the ban's effect on colistin resistance, compliance, and transmission dynamics of resistance between humans and poultry.Methods and analysisCOINCIDE will: (i) assess phenotypic and genotypic colistin resistance in E. coli from humans and poultry; (ii) estimate transmission of colistin resistant E. coli between humans and animals; (iii) explore colistin and antimicrobial use (AMU) at the community level; (iv) identify social and cultural factors driving AMU; and (v) strengthen multisectoral One Health collaboration. Post-ban sampling will be conducted in three districts of Central Java Province (Klaten, Karanganyar, and Sukoharjo), where pre-ban samples were already available. We will recruit participants from primary healthcare centers (PHC) (n = 683), poultry farmers (n = 120), and visit a total of 60 small-scale layer farms. Broiler isolates (n = 2865) from Indonesia's routine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance (2018–2023) will also be included. In terms of sample collection, post-ban samples will include rectal swabs from patients visiting PHC and farmers and boot swabs from small-scale layer farms. Colistin resistance will be screened using CHROMagar COL-APSE agar medium and confirmed by broth microdilution. Results of long-read whole-genome sequencing will identify resistance mechanisms and transmission pathways. A qualitative ethnography work will include participant observation and informal conversations during field visits, alongside in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals and stakeholders. “Drug bag” method interviews will assess antimicrobial use, access, and drivers at the community level. Simulated patient visits to pharmacies and local shops (warung or toko obat), and interviews with agrovet outlets and poultry shops will be conducted to evaluate compliance with antimicrobial sales regulations.ConclusionBy integrating microbiological, epidemiological, policy, and social science data, findings from the COINCIDE study will provide a strong scientific basis to inform AMR policies in Indonesia, with potential significance to inform other countries across Southeast Asia.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever is a severe tick-borne viral disease with a high fatality rate. This study aimed to advance the understanding of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in terms of geographical spread and genotypic characterization by investigating its detection in ticks collected from cattle, one year after the first detection of CCHFV in Corsica. From 2024 to 2025, we collected ticks from cattle, with standardised sampling occurring twice per month. Ticks were screened for CCHFV RNA by RTq-PCR. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Blood samples from a subset of these cattle were tested for CCHFV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) test. Among the 13,577 ticks collected, CCHFV RNA was detected in 61 pools (1.6%) out of the 3803 tested. We identified CCHFV African genotype III in ticks collected from cattle at different sites in northern and southern Corsica. However, two tick strains showed a reassortant profile, with the S and L segments belonging to genotype III and the M segment belonging to genotype I. Data also showed that our strains clustered with strains isolated in African and Western European countries. The overall IgG anti-CCHFV seroprevalence in cattle was 8.44% [95% CI: 6.27% - 11.06%]. This study provides new insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of CCHFV in Corsica and confirms the wider-than-expected distribution and variability of CCHFV in Corsica. Therefore, our findings confirm the genetic variability inside the CCHFV genotypes and their introduction to Corsica from other countries.