This paper reviews our current understanding of Aurora. Aurora is a luminous glow observed near the polar regions. We have provided a brief account of the history of auroras. Basic features and types of aurora are discussed involving the spatial and temporal variations in auroras. Magnetic reconnection and loss cone are reviewed to understand the formation of auroras. Pitch angle diffusion and acceleration mechanisms involved in the formation of diffuse and discrete auroras are explained. Recent advances made in the auroral research and the impact of auroras on our daily life are briefly discussed. The data about the recent aurora formation over the poles is also provided.

This study investigates and compares the supply chain practices of Agro-food processing units in the hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. With both states sharing similar geographical and climatic conditions, the research aims to explore whether these similarities translate into comparable Supply Chain Orientation (SCO), Performance (SCP), and Sustainable Competitive Advantages (SCA). The analysis focuses on critical dimensions of supply chain management, including integration practices, sustainability initiatives, market accessibility, and competitive advantage. Primary data were collected from Agro-food processing units operating in both regions and were analysed using statistical tools to identify significant differences or similarities in their supply chain practices. The findings reveal that while both states demonstrate similar levels of SCO and SCA, there is a statistically significant difference in their performance. The findings suggest noticeable variations in certain aspects of supply chain management, pointing to underlying differences in strategic and operational approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on how integration practices influence performance outcomes in these challenging terrains. This comparative analysis highlights the need for improved coordination and policy support in Uttarakhand to enhance its Agro-food supply chain efficiency. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers, Agro-food units, and community stakeholders to strengthen sustainable and resilient supply chain systems in both regions. the comparative framework used here can serve as a reference for future studies aiming to benchmark and improve supply chain practices in geographically similar yet operationally diverse settings.

In this article, we have discussed the Ᾱryabhaṭa algorithm, traditionally used for solving linear indeterminate equations in Indian mathematics. An improved version of Ᾱryabhaṭa algorithm has been developed, which decreases the number of steps in order to find all integer solutions to such equations. The algorithm also provides multiplicative inverses of different integers under some modulo, which is a very useful tool in cryptography, signal processing, coding, and computer design.

The utilisation of social media and other communication technologies contributes to the growth of the tourism business. Social media is the most potent internet medium, now an integral component of global social and economic life. Selwyn characterises "Social media" as a platform enabling people to communicate and engage with one another, to generate, modify, and disseminate novel textual, visual, and auditory information, as well as to classify, tag, and endorse pre-existing content. Social media has become the contemporary medium via which individuals interact with one another. Similar to other sectors, the tourism industry has significantly benefited from the internet, leading to the integral use of social media in the promotion and planning of tourism at national, state, regional and private levels. In contrast to other state administrations, Uttarakhand is utilising social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter for tourism promotion. Social media has emerged as the pre-eminent avenue for promoting awareness in Uttarakhand tourism. This research paper examines the impact and importance of social media on tourism promotion and decision-making of tourists in Uttarakhand.

First discovered in Venetian sumach in 1833, fisetin is a flavonol that can be found in fruits like strawberries, apples, and onions. Fisetin, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties, affects important pathways like MAPK and NF-κB. It lowers oxidative stress, inhibits angiogenesis, and decreases osteoclast development in diabetic heart cells. Additionally, fisetin reduces inflammation in microglia and macrophages, which may help cure neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Improved drug delivery techniques, such as SNEDDS, increase the medication's solubility and bioavailability, bolstering its therapeutic potential and highlighting the need for more study.

Financial literacy (FL) means the ability to handle money throughout one's life by using information and intellect. Financial management is key to solving financial problems, especially for working women. This study collected responses using a standardized questionnaire and summarized financial literacy based on three elements: Financial Attitude (FA), Financial Knowledge (FK) and Financial Behavior (FB). Data was gathered from 150 working women from the private and public sectors in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state in India. The study finds that working women's FA and FL and their FK and FL are positively correlated. Financial behavior shows an adverse effect on financial literacy. Individual female investors may use this knowledge to make informed decisions. The unique aspect of this study was that it examined for the first time the variables, including FK, FA & FB associated with FL focusing on working women in the Dehradun district of Uttarakhand, India

Millets have been central to the food security system of the hill districts of the Uttarakhand States. Of late the area under millets is declining not because the green revolution has made inroads in the agriculture system of the region but because of endogenous factors. The demographic changes – because of the out migration of a large number of people, the holdings of out-migrant households left fellow have turned barren. Because of a shortage of manpower, many households have reduced the area under plough. The other serious issue is the menace of wild animals compelling households to leave the land on the fringe or exterior of the village uncultivated. Using historical data and exponential forecasting methods this paper argues that if the existing trend continues there will severe reduction in area under millets. The rising per-hectare productivity of millets – will not be sufficient to salvage the impact of the reduction in area. The paper also argues that rising awareness about millets and expanding market –upcoming entrepreneurs and marketing channels are the glimmer of hope – that the millets of the hill districts of Uttarakhand, which are produced organically – will be effective instruments in realizing the economic potential of millets. This paper examines the trends in the area, production and productivity of millets in the ten hill districts of the State of Uttarakhand.. It makes a modest endeavour to ascertain the reasons for changes in the three attributes of millets – area, production and productivity.

Uraria picta Desv. of family Fabaceae is an important plant species in traditional system of medicine. It is one of the important ingredient for many Ayurveda formulations like Chyawanprash, Dashmoolarishta, Mahanarayan tail etc. In this study, the effect of different geo-climatic conditions on active constituent of cultivated Prishnaparni was evaluated for quality assurance. The extracts were prepared from whole plant parts collected from different geographic locations by using ethanol and water solvent combinations. The ethanol extract was subjected to Diaion HP 20 column, leading to isolation of compound. The structure of the compound was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The HPTLC densitometric analysis was also carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system. The HPLC chromatographic separation was performed using a Hyperclone BDS C18 LC column. The solvent system consisted of mixtures of water with 0.1% o-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile and signal was monitored at 267 nm. In this study, a new method for isolation and purification of Rhoifolin was developed from Prishnaparni. The highest Rhoifolin content (0.8%) was found in raw material of Uraria picta collected from Hardoi district, UP. Extractive values show the highest yield (12.4%) in hydro-alcoholic extract. The current study showed that the raw materials collected from different locations shows significant presence and percentage of Rhoifolin. Thus, it can be consider as a chemical marker for the standardization and quality control of Uraria picta plant. This will help to identify the genuine raw drugs of Uraria picta plant parts and this study will help to identify the suitable site either for commercial cultivation or conservation.

Nomophobia has become an alarming concern globally. This study aims to investigate the presence of nomophobia in seven districts of the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand state, focusing on variations between hilly and plain regions. Data were collected from 350 adult participants from each district using the standardised Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) via Google Forms. Statistical analyses assessed gender-based and regional differences, including ANOVA, t-tests, and correlation methods. The findings reveal that nomophobia levels are significantly lower in hilly districts (such as Chamoli and Rudraprayag) than in plain districts (such as Dehradun and Haridwar). Based on findings, people living in hilly areas are less dependent on their smartphones. Findings based on gender indicate that females reported slightly higher levels of nomophobia than males. The difference was not statistically significant. Further research is recommended to explore behavioural and psychological influences caused by nomophobia

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are deciduous shrubs renowned for their high antioxidant-rich properties, support cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, strengthen bones, and help prevent chronic illnesses like diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders. With around 450 species in the Vaccinium genus, exploring their genetic diversity is critical for crop improvement. Advanced genomics can unravel their evolutionary pathways, aiding informed breeding strategies. Key areas of improvement include developing lowchill varieties, enhancing rootstocks, and improving traits like texture, flavour, shelf life, and nutritional quality. Genetic approaches such as crossing, hybridization, and genomic selection can help introduce economically important traits. However, challenges like their superficial root system, which limits water and nutrient absorption and increases vulnerability to drought stress, must be addressed. Harnessing the genetic variability of Vaccinium species through innovative breeding efforts is essential to overcome production challenges and support the global blueberry industry's growth.