Indonesia hosts 331 geothermal prospects with a combined potential of 28,617 MW, yet by the end of 2024, only 13.2% had been developed, highlighting a critical need for improved exploration workflows. In this study, we characterize the subsurface geothermal architecture of the Tiris District (Probolinggo Regency, Lamongan–Argopuro volcanic complex) by integrating dense Bouguer gravity surveying (150 km 2 ) with first horizontal and second vertical derivative analyses and three‐dimensional density inversion. Bouguer anomalies range from 39.95 to 80.03 mGal, with highs in the eastern and western sectors and lows in the northwest and south, while derivative maps reveal a network of predominantly NW–SE normal faults that likely channel geothermal fluids. The inversion model uncovers a shallow low‐density zone (1.0–1.5 g/cm 3 ) to 0.75‐km depth interpreted as fluid conduits, a sandstone reservoir layer (1.5–2.0 g/cm 3 ) at 2–3 km, caprock units (2.0–3.0 g/cm 3 ) at 0.5–2.0 and 3.0–4.0 km, and deep high‐density bodies (3.3–4.0 g/cm 3 ) below 4 km corresponding to magmatic heat sources. These findings refine the conceptual model for Tiris, demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated gravity derivatives and inversion in volcanic geothermal exploration, and underscore the region′s promise for sustainable energy development. By precisely delineating subsurface structures with precision, this work provides critical insights to guide sustainable resource development and targeted drilling strategies in volcanic geothermal systems.

The oil and gas industry relies heavily on inverse geostatistical modeling to predict static reservoir properties that influence hydrocarbon accumulation and flow. However, these methods face significant challenges due to sparse sampling and the inability to capture reservoir variability beyond boreholes. Geostatistical techniques typically depend on borehole data, which represent only a small fraction of the total reservoir volume. The large distances between boreholes further hinder the ability to achieve reliable and accurate predictions. An innovative approach in numerical forward modeling, the stratigraphic‐structural forward modeling (SSFM) technique, offers an alternative or complementary workflow for modeling facies and property distribution in static reservoir models. The SSFM quantitatively integrates sedimentation and deformation processes in basins, grounded in the physics of basin formation, infill, and sedimentary architecture. By translating conceptual geological models into cellular geological volumes, SSFM requires minimal borehole and seismic data for validation. This review traces the historical evolution of various numerical techniques, with particular emphasis on the advancements and limitations of SSFM. However, these limitations present opportunities for guiding future research, fostering development in the field, and extending the application of SSFM techniques beyond hydrocarbon exploration. Understanding and addressing SSFM’s limitations is essential to optimizing and enhancing its effectiveness within the industry.

This present article was written to analyze the variability of the diurnal profiles of the critical foF2 frequencies in the light of solar radiation based on in situ measurements of the ionosonde stations of Dakar (latitude 14.8° N, longitude 342.6° E) and Ouagadougou (latitude 12.5° N, longitude 358.5° E), respectively, for Sunspot Cycles 21 and 22. The objective being to deduce interpretations in terms of propensity to occur on the five profiles B, M, R, D, and P referenced to occurrence between the latitudes of 20° N and 20° S. Thus, on the analyses of conjunctions in phases or in phase shift observed in the variation of the sunspot cycle (VSC) and monthly foF2 frequencies (MFVs), we will note the following: (1) during periods of geomagnetic calm, (a) a propensity for the formation of the R profile during the growth phases of the solar cycle and during the periods from the solstices to the equinoxes and this is due to the conjunction in the growth–growth phase between VSC and MFV; (b) a propensity for the formation of the M profile during the waning phases of the solar cycle and during the periods from the equinoxes to the solstices and this is due to the conjunction in the waning–decaying phase between VSC and MFV; (c) a propensity for the formation of profiles B, D, and P on the one hand during the growth phases of the solar cycle and during the periods from the equinoxes to the solstices and on the other hand during the waning phases of the solar cycle and during the periods from the solstices to the equinoxes and all these are due to the nonconjunction in the phase between VSC and MFV. It therefore appears that out of the 16 possible propensities for profile formations, the R and M profiles are each counted for 12.5%. Profiles B, P, and D each counted 25%. (2) During periods of geomagnetic disturbances, notably by SFEs, CMEs, or ionization losses, a profile can transform into one or other of the other four profiles. Finally, as an importance or application of this study, we note that (a) foF2 contributes more to the good knowledge of the ionosphere; (b) using the diurnal profiles of foF2, we could a priori identify periods of lulls in radio or satellite transmission; (c) by induction, we could count the solar flares during the day; and (d) the proposed mathematical model is a basic tool for analyzing foF2 variability.

Joint surface and borehole seismic are a 3D surface‐and‐borehole seismic exploration method of the simultaneous acquisition of onshore or offshore 3D seismic and VSP (vertical seismic profiling) data using the same sources. When acquiring surface 2D or 3D seismic data in the field, simultaneously acquired 2D or 3D distributed acoustic sensing VSP or DAS‐VSP (Distributed Acoustic Sensing‐Vertical Seismic Profiling) data can provide full well high‐resolution structural images around the borehole and enhance surface 2D or 3D seismic data processing significantly. This paper describes the imaging processing of the 3D DAS‐VSP data from 13 wells jointly acquired with a high‐density OBN (Ocean Bottom Node) data acquisition project. Apart from the conventional processing steps of 3D VSP data, the deblending processing of the blended acquired multiwell 3D DAS‐VSP data using multiple airgun sources, special ringing noise removal procedure, joint domain full waveform inversion (JDFWI) for velocity model update, and one‐way wave equation multiple migration (OWEMM) method were used to generate final 3D DAS‐VSP data imaging. The results provided good quality structural imaging in a relatively large subsurface area around the 13 wells.

The characterization of Lamu offshore reservoirs remains limited due to the absence of integrated studies combining petrophysical analysis and rock physics modeling. This study aims to enhance reservoir characterization, reduce exploration risks, and provide a framework for similar geological settings. Log data from three wells were analyzed to determine key petrophysical properties and evaluate rock physics models for lithology and fluid discrimination. Reservoir zones were delineated based on petrophysical parameters, including clay volume, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and gamma ray and resistivity responses. The selected reservoirs exhibited favorable characteristics, with low shale volume (0.07–0.26), high effective porosity (0.12–0.25), low water saturation (0.23–0.56), and a net thickness (18.95–43.22 m). Rock physics cross‐plots (mu‐rho vs. density, acoustic impedance vs. lambda‐rho, and V p / V s ratio vs. acoustic impedance, among others) effectively distinguished hydrocarbon‐bearing zones from brine‐saturated sands and shales. Color‐coded cross‐plots further validated fluid discrimination, showing low water saturation and gamma ray values with high porosity in hydrocarbon zones. Gassmann fluid substitution analysis confirmed that replacing water with hydrocarbons significantly reduced density and had a more pronounced effect on compressional velocity than shear velocity. These findings highlight an integrated approach to minimizing hydrocarbon exploration risks, particularly in avoiding dry wells, and offer valuable insights for future exploration efforts in Lamu offshore and similar basins.

The tectonic complexity in Indonesia has made it one of the most interesting targets for studies on seismic tomography. The Indian oceanic plate sunk beneath the Eurasian continental plate, forming the subduction zone in Southern Indonesia. This activity led to the formation of volcanoes along the Sunda Arc, including East Java, the research area covered in this study. This research is mainly aimed at identifying the influence of the volcanic activities by tomography analysis. The data of the earthquakes was recorded by 22 seismic stations of the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) seismic network in the period of 2009–2017. The tomographic image was analysed by exploring the anomalies of primary (P)‐ and secondary (S)‐wave velocities and Vp/Vs ratio. The result shows the presence of a low‐velocity zone with a high Vp/Vs ratio found around the volcanic area, which is correlated with the partial melting zone or magma chamber. The low‐velocity zone was observed at the depth range of 27–155 km, which was also correlated with the subducted slab beneath Java Island. This leads to an assumption that there is an interlinked volcanic system which extends from west to east of Java.

The Thailand–Myanmar–Malaysia region is characterized by a complex tectonic setting and significant seismic hazard, necessitating a detailed understanding of its crustal and upper mantle structure. This study addresses knowledge gaps in the region’s deep lithospheric structure, aiming to elucidate its tectonic evolution and geodynamics. We present high‐resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps for the region, derived from ambient noise tomography using continuous seismic data from a dense network of 99 broadband stations. Through the analysis of empirical Green’s functions at periods of 10–100 s, we investigate structures ranging from the middle crust to the upper mantle. The phase velocity maps at periods reveal distinct velocity variations that correlate with major tectonic features, such as the Sagaing Fault, the Shan‐Thai Terrane, and the Khorat Plateau. Low‐velocity anomalies are observed in the West Burma Terrane and the Khorat Plateau, while high‐velocity anomalies characterize the Shan‐Thai Terrane, Peninsular Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia. At shorter periods (10–15 s), we observe a clear demarcation between high velocities in the Shan‐Thai Terrane and low velocities in the Indo‐China Terrane, reflecting significant differences in shallow crustal structure and composition. At longer periods, the phase velocity maps provide evidence for a cold, stable lithospheric mantle beneath the Shan‐Thai Terrane and Peninsular Malaysia, and thin, hot lithosphere or upwelling asthenosphere beneath central Myanmar and the Gulf of Thailand. These findings offer new insights into the region’s crustal composition, thickness, and tectonic boundaries, contributing to our understanding of Southeast Asia’s complex geodynamics and tectonic structure.

Total electron content (TEC) is a crucial parameter for monitoring space weather effects, typically obtained from a network of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. However, the uneven distribution of the available GNSS receivers in East Africa results in limited TEC data coverage. To address this challenge, a novel hybrid approach was introduced that combined the finite element method (FEM) with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique to construct detailed vertical total electron content (VTEC) maps from limited observations. This innovative method enhanced the spatial and temporal resolution of TEC maps, offering a significant improvement over existing methods by capturing local VTEC variations with higher precision. The study investigated VTEC characteristics over East Africa during high (2014) and low (2018) solar activity years, revealing notable diurnal and seasonal VTEC variations, with peak values during equinoxes and significant disruptions during geomagnetic storms. The developed VTEC maps were validated against GNSS receiver data, showing a strong correlation (0.98–0.99) with actual measurements. This suggested that the FEM‐EnKF approach provides a reliable and accurate tool for estimating VTEC over the East African region, particularly in areas with sparse data coverage, thereby supporting global navigation and space weather monitoring applications.

Located within the Adamaoua‐Yadé domain in Cameroon, the Lom volcano–sedimentary formation represents a central component of the Central African Pan‐African Belt, which emerged during the Pan‐African orogeny between 600 and 500 Ma. The complexity of tectonic processes in this area has resulted in geological structures favorable to the presence of gold mineralization. The dynamic geological environment, characterized by detrital deposits and intense tectonic phases, is illustrated by the deformed and metamorphosed metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Lom Formation. The accumulation of precious minerals such as gold and diamonds is facilitated by optimal stratigraphic conditions, including basalt, tuffs, quartz‐bearing sediments, schists, and conglomerates. These economically significant resources are closely associated with regional faults and ENE‐WSW‐oriented shear zones, which promote the circulation of mineralizing hydrothermal fluids. A geophysical study was conducted in the village of Bindiba, a locality situated within this geological formation, not far from a semimechanized gold mining operation. The study is aimed at establishing and proposing a modeling of potential mineralized targets. The geophysical study combines the use of electric resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP). The acquisition includes 17 parallel electric tomography lines in a Schlumberger configuration. The acquired data allowed the production of 2D inversion models, which were then interpolated to generate block models and pseudo‐3D isosurface models of potential mineralizations. The correlation of geological information and pseudo‐3D isosurface models allowed the characterization of the existence of three polarizable bodies, marked by the presence of sulfides, with high chargeability values ( M ≥ 30 mV/V). One of these bodies, presenting a strong chargeability, correlated to a low resistivity (Rho < 900 Ωm), is observed in the center of the study area. This body presents its roof at an average depth of 17 m, with a lateral extension and a NE‐SW orientation consistent with the general orientation of the main tectonic lines of the region. The two other polarizable bodies were identified near the surface, both in the center and in the north with average depths of 8 and 15 m, respectively. They both present a fairly good correlation with high resistivity values (Rho ≥ 5500 Ωm), which could characterize probable silicification zones.

The Ngaoundéré area, marked by a complex geodynamic context, is characterized by ancient and recent tectonic activities, as well as intraplate volcanism linked to the Cameroon volcanic line (CVL). Ground magnetic mapping is an effective geophysical tool for detecting hidden faults or fractures and magnetic intrusions. The aim of this study is to investigate the basement of the maar Lake Tizong area in the Adamawa Plateau. Ground magnetic survey and eological field work have been carried out. Geological field work reveals that volcanic and granitic formations cropping out in the study area, and the main brittle structures trend NW‐SE. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on magnetic data. Qualitative analysis uses a number of operators and mathematical filters, notably reduction to the equator, regional/residual separation, gradients, analytical signal, and tilt angle derivative. This enabled us to describe the anomalies globally, identify magnetic discontinuities and structures assimilated to fractures and faults, and produce a structural map of the magnetic lineaments. A quantitative analysis involves Euler deconvolution, 2D 3/4 modeling, and the source parameter index methods and makes it possible to assess the shapes and depths of the anomaly causative sources. As a result, the qualitative analysis identified several lineament directions, chiefly ESE‐WNW, ENE‐WSW, NE‐SW, and NW‐SE assimilated to brittle or ductile deformation. Structures trending NE‐SW and ENE‐WSW correlate with the regional fault of Ngaoundéré and are associated with the regional tectonic of the CVL. It revealed a cluster of solutions with depths greater than 100 m in the Mandjir area. These correspond to new magnetic discontinuities indicating the presence of intrusive bodies in the subsoil. However, NW‐SE and WNW‐ESE are linked to the major volcanic lava of Ngaoundéré and the orientation of Vina River. This work shows the presence of discontinuities favorable for fissural volcanism.