Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, with limited expression in benign and extraprostatic tissues. Based on these characteristics, several low-molecular-weight PSMA inhibitor radioligands have been developed for disease management strategies that integrate both therapeutic and diagnostic applications, collectively termed theranostics. Currently, four common diagnostic radiotracers include ^68^Ga-PSMA-11, ^18^F-DCFPyL, ^18^F-radiohybrid (rh)PSMA-7.3 and ^18^F-PSMA-1007, with the first three being approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additionally, ^68^Ga-PSMA-11 and ^18^F-DCFPyL are also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), while ^18^F-PSMA-1007 is approved on a country-by-country basis. PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy is also a promising therapeutic option for men with prostate cancer. To date, ^177^Lu-PSMA-617 is the only PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy approved by both the FDA and EMA for clinical use. Emerging α-emitting therapies such as ^225^Ac-PSMA-617 are currently under clinical investigation and may provide additional benefit in patients with advanced or resistant disease. This review article provides a brief overview of available PSMA ligands for the diagnosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer. PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE Received on June 06, 2025; accepted after peer review on October 13, 2025; published on October 15, 2025. **Peer reviewers:** Prof. Dr Oliver Sartor, Transformational Prostate Cancer Research Center, East Jefferson General Hospital, Metairie, Louisiana, USA One anonymous peer reviewer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid tumor cell proliferation, early metastasis and poor prognosis. Despite its initial responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, recurrence is nearly inevitable, with limited therapeutic advancements over the past decades. Recent breakthroughs have begun to reshape the treatment landscape in SCLC. This review highlights significant clinical trial outcomes and emerging therapeutic strategies for both limited-stage (LS) and extensive-stage (ES) SCLC. The ADRIATIC trial demonstrated a survival benefit of consolidative durvalumab following chemoradiotherapy in LS disease. For ES-SCLC, the CASPIAN and IMpower133 trials proved the efficacy of the PD-L1 inhibitors durvalumab and atezolizumab when combined with chemotherapy. Nonetheless, the survival benefit remains modest, prompting exploration of novel therapeutic agents. Promising antibody-drug conjugates, such as ifinatamab deruxtecan (targeting B7-H3) and sacituzumab govitecan (targeting Trop-2), along with bispecific T-cell engagers, such as tarlatamab (targeting DLL3), have demonstrated encouraging efficacy. Moreover, biomarker-driven approaches, including SLFN11 expression, are under evaluation to guide maintenance therapy. Combination regimens incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors such as anlotinib are also gaining attention. These advances suggest a potential shift toward more personalized and effective treatment paradigms, offering new hope for patients with SCLC. PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE Peer reviewers: Prof. Dr Dr Sacha I. Rothschild, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland Dr David König, Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland Received on April 13, 2025; accepted after peer review on September 06, 2025; published online on September 22, 2025.