The global surge in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has triggered unprecedented legal complexities in copyright protection. This article examines how Indonesia and the European Union (EU) approach the challenges posed by AI driven content creation and potential copyright infringement. Through doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, this study explores regulatory frameworks, liability questions, and enforcement mechanisms in both jurisdictions. The analysis reveals that Indonesia's Copyright Law No. 28 of 2014 remains anthropocentric, lacking recognition of AI generated works and mechanisms for regulating AI training using copyrighted materials. By contrast, the EU has developed a more comprehensive approach through the EU Copyright Directive and the AI Act, which incorporates risk-based AI governance and explicit opt out rights for copyright holders. The study identifies significant regulatory asymmetries between the two jurisdictions and examines potential areas for legal development. Drawing on international frameworks such as the OECD AI Guidelines, this research suggests that Indonesia could benefit from adopting more anticipatory regulatory approaches similar to the EU's principle-based strategy. The findings indicate that proactive legal reforms are necessary to address emerging AI copyright challenges in developing legal systems. This study contributes to the growing body of comparative legal scholarship on AI governance and offers insights for policymakers navigating the intersection of artificial intelligence and intellectual property law.

Digital technology has expanded women’s opportunities for expression and participation, while simultaneously enabling new and intensified forms of gender-based violence. In India, technology-facilitated violence against women (TFVW) has increased in scale and complexity, yet existing legal frameworks remain inadequately equipped to address its multidimensional harms. This article identifies a significant gap in Indian law, arguing that the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and the Information Technology Act (IT Act) insufficiently recognise psychological harm, informational privacy violations, and non-sexual online abuse, while continuing to rely on patriarchal notions of consent, modesty, and public morality. Adopting a doctrinal legal research methodology informed by feminist jurisprudence, the article examines statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and enforcement practices governing TFVW in India. It demonstrates how current laws prioritise bodily integrity and obscenity-based regulation, thereby marginalising women’s digital autonomy and reinforcing victim-blaming narratives. Drawing on constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and privacy, the article advances a feminist legal framework that shifts the analytical focus from consent and morality to harm, agency, and structural inequality. The article contributes to feminist legal scholarship by reconceptualising TFVW as a constitutional rights violation and argues for transformative legal reform to address the systemic nature of digital violence against women.

The right to work has always been a fundamental right of human which was recorded in law documents. However, the recent development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created an issue that it may affect the domestic and international labor markets. In Vietnam, where over half of the population participates in the labor force, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly reshape both employment dynamics and the regulatory landscape. While AI presents opportunities to create new types of employment, it simultaneously threatens to displace existing jobs, particularly among low-skilled and vulnerable workers. Despite the growing relevance of this issue, scholarly engagement with the implications of AI for Vietnam’s labor market remains sparse, especially in terms of legal and policy responses. Existing studies tend to focus on economic forecasting or technological development, with minimal attention paid to how labor laws and regulatory frameworks should evolve to address the disruptive potential of AI. This study aims to fill that gap by addressing two central questions: (1) What is the nature and extent of AI’s impact on the Vietnamese labor market? and (2) Which categories of workers are most susceptible to disruption? Through a legal-analytical and comparative approach—drawing insights from the European Union’s labor policy experience—this research offers a novel contribution to the emerging discourse on how Vietnam can construct a forward-looking and socially responsive labor regulatory framework in the age of AI. Empirical methods will be applied to examine the labor statistics of the country. At the same time, the paper will analyze the same phenomenon in the European Union and provide a solution for Vietnam. The analysis revealed that AI in the near future will have a positive effect on the workforce of Vietnam, but at the moment, workers without training are being most affected by its emergence. Thus, this study suggests that Vietnam improves its policy in labor law and social security in order to fully protect the right of all employees.

Although Malaysia has made progress in recognising Indigenous rights, the perspectives of Orang Asli women on feminism and gender equality remain largely absent from legal and academic discourse. This article examines the legal tensions between indigenous customary laws and Malaysia’s constitutional commitment to gender equality, as perceived and experienced by Orang Asli women. The central legal issue explored is whether customary practices that reflect patriarchal norms can withstand constitutional scrutiny under Article 8 of the Federal Constitution, and how these practices align with Malaysia’s obligations under CEDAW and UNDRIP. Using a doctrinal legal methodology, the study systematically examines constitutional provisions, relevant legislation, and judicial interpretations concerning indigenous law and gender rights. A socio-legal component complements this analysis through empirical data collected from 120 questionnaires and 30 semi-structured interviews with Orang Asli women from five selected tribes, providing context to how these legal norms function in practice. This article contributes to legal theory by engaging with legal pluralism and feminist legal thought, revealing how unregulated customary practices can undermine fundamental rights. Thus, it enhances legal studies by highlighting an ethical framework for legislative and judicial reconciliation between constitutional equality and indigenous legal traditions. In a pluralistic legal circumstance, this study advocates on Malaysian legal institutions to acknowledge the changing voices of Indigenous women as catalysts of change.

The artist’s resale right, enabling visual artists to receive royalties from secondary market sales, is a pivotal intellectual property mechanism with varied global adoption. This article traces its historical evolution from early 20th-century legislation to its inclusion in international frameworks, contrasting the European Union and United Kingdom’s harmonized approaches with the United States’ rejection due to differing copyright philosophies. It examines the resale right provisions in a new-generation free trade agreement, analyzing Vietnam’s current legal gap under its intellectual property framework and the feasibility of incorporation. The article evaluates arguments for and against the resale right, highlighting its role in promoting artist equity and creative incentives against concerns of market distortion and administrative burdens. It argues that Vietnam should adopt the resale right to align with global standards, proposing solutions to legal, cultural, economic, and political challenges. This analysis offers insights for jurisdictions navigating intellectual property integration in trade agreements.

The urgency of integrating environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and circular economy principles into legal policy frameworks has become increasingly critical in the energy transition era. This study examines the regulatory challenges hindering the alignment between CSR obligations and circular economy objectives in Indonesia, particularly the legal disconnection between Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and broader environmental regulations. Utilizing a normative legal research method, the study analyzes statutory instruments, policy documents, and international legal frameworks to assess the coherence and efficacy of existing laws. Findings reveal that CSR implementation remains fragmented and often symbolic, while circular economy practices lack regulatory incentives and enforcement, especially in resource-intensive sectors. This gap not only undermines sustainability efforts but also delays the shift toward a low-carbon economic model. The study underscores the need for regulatory harmonization, including revising corporate and environmental laws to embed circular economy principles into CSR obligations. The novelty of this research lies in offering an integrative legal perspective that bridges CSR and circular economy concepts, presenting a policy blueprint to accelerate Indonesia's transition toward a more sustainable and environmentally accountable corporate ecosystem.

This study explores the phenomenon of “sharenting,” the widespread practice of parents sharing information, photos, and videos of their children online, within the Malaysian context. As social media becomes deeply embedded in daily life, sharenting serves as a common means for parents to document and share their parenting journey. However, this practice raises significant concerns about striking a balance between parental rights and children’s rights to privacy, consent, and protection from long-term digital exposure. While Malaysian parents often view sharenting as an expression of their rights, it may inadvertently infringe upon the child’s autonomy and digital footprint, which is permanent and difficult to erase. This study examines the existing Malaysian legal framework governing parental and children’s rights, with a focus on the principle of the best interest of the child as the guiding standard. Through a comprehensive review of literature, relevant legislation, and comparative perspective, the study argues that current laws are insufficiently addressing children’s digital privacy and consent rights. It recommends legal reforms that explicitly recognise children’s rights to privacy, consent, and the right to be forgotten, ensuring a more equitable balance between parental authority and the child’s digital autonomy in the digital age.

Arbitration serves as a dispute resolution method that offers notable benefits, especially in cases related to medical issues. In contrast, other methods such as litigation are often seen as less effective, while mediation lacks executory power due to the absence of legal enforceability, making agreements vulnerable to cancellation. In Indonesia, arbitration has not yet been adopted for resolving medical disputes, as specific technical regulations are still needed to guide relevant institutions and establish effective mechanisms. This research highlights the importance of implementing arbitration in Indonesia’s medical dispute resolution framework, using a comparative analysis of practices in the United States. Employing normative legal research with qualitative data analysis and comparative examination of international legal practices, the findings reveal that arbitration offers a binding and final resolution, making it a highly effective approach for handling medical disputes. To facilitate its adoption in Indonesia, comprehensive technical regulations and a legal framework—similar to the United States’ Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA), which outlines arbitration requirements for individual states—are necessary.

The history of the global economy is closely tied to the control of international trade routes, with maritime dominance playing a central role—evident in the supremacy of the Phoenicians, Arabs, and later European colonial powers. In the post-Cold War unipolar era, the USA has leveraged globalization through its maritime military hegemony. The Indian Ocean, particularly the Bay of Bengal (BoB), represents a critical hub for global sea trade and economic connectivity, intersecting with the South China Sea. Ensuring regional peace and stability is essential for sustaining international maritime trade and blue economic growth. This research introduces a novel Comprehensive Ocean Management Regime (COMR) tailored to the BOB maritime-littoral region to address these challenges and advance sustainable blue economic objectives. By critically analysing global coastal and ocean governance practices—such as Maritime Protected Areas and Integrated Coastal Zone Management—the study identifies policy, management, and operational challenges and proposes actionable solutions. Recognizing the limitations of aggregated sectoral data and the scarcity of precise quantitative insights, the study adopts a qualitative approach and employs the Delphi method to gather expert consensus through iterative analysis. The COMR framework provides a unique, actionable model that can guide sustainable maritime policy and management in the BOB region, contributing to the broader discourse on sustainable ocean governance.

Legal reform in the financial sector has an important role to play in preparing Indonesia a Golden Indonesia in 2045. The financial sector is very important strategic in the development and welfare Indonesia, supporting its sustainable economic development. Strengthening institutional functions and tasks as well as coordination among ministries and institutions, in this case between the central bank and the government, are essential in order to increase financial system resilience and economic growth. This study analyses financial sector legal reforms that impact institutional relations between central banks and governments by conducting comparative studies of the United States, Japan, Australia, and Thailand. This research also has been updated to present the implications of legal reform in the financial sector on Bank Indonesia's expanding duties and authorities to support a sustainable economy through the enactment of Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector. The results of this study show that with the legal reform in the financial sector, there is a new perspective related to Bank Indonesia's independence, which has been adjusted through the adoption of a policy mix prioritising monetary policy. Fiscal authority does not become superior but accommodative as long as it does not conflict with monetary policy interests. The institutional relationship between Bank Indonesia and the government using a policy mix pattern that emphasizes aspects of monetary policy harmonization based on other policy paradigms that are in line with safeguarding broader economic interests.