To explore ways to protect dogs' paw pads from hot asphalt in the summer and snow removal chemicals in winter, a film was created by adding erythritol, a sugar alcohol that has a moisturizing effect and is a phase-changing material that undergoes an endothermic reaction when it changes from a solid to a liquid, and coconut oil, which is often used as a moisturizer, to a pullulan solution. When 15g of erythritol was evenly mixed with 50 mL of water, the temperature of the water decreased by 8 ℃, and when the coconut oil melted, the temperature decreased by 2.63 ℃. By utilizing the properties of these substances, a film was created. First, when a film was created using a ratio of 1/10 of erythritol (g):1% pullulan solution (mL), due to crystallization, it was difficult to maintain the shape of the film. When this film was dropped in water, it reduced the temperature by 8% more than the pullulan film, but when it was mixed with coconut oil, the temperature reduction wasn’t much different. To stabilize the film, the erythritol content was reduced, and the pullulan content was increased. The results of adding 1g and 3g of erythritol to 1% and 3% of 100mL pullulan solution showed that the 1g erythritol film was much more stabilized than the 3g erythritol film. When the films were dissolved in water, the 1g erythritol film didn’t show much effect, but the 3g erythritol film had a 2% temperature reduction in comparison to the pullulan film. Moreover, because the film dissolved more slowly if the density of the pullulan solution increased, the 3% pullulan film with erythritol dissolved more slowly than the 1% film, resulting in the 1% film showing a greater reduction in temperature. When coconut oil and sodium alginate were added to these films, the films were stable but showed no cooling effect. Because the 1% pullulan solution with 1g of erythritol was the most stable film, it was used as a model for the furtherance of other films. Through experimenting with the surface temperature of pig skin by comparing the temperature increase with the control, which was with no film, the film made with erythritol and coconut oil showed a 6% decrease in temperature compared to the control, and the moisture content increased by 70%. Therefore, using erythritol and coconut oil can effectively moisturize and reduce temperatures. Because it is a type of film, it is convenient and easy to use and can reduce the surface temperature of dogs’ paws, something that prior moisturizers couldn’t do. Therefore, this film can be seen to effectively treat the damages inflicted upon dogs due to outside activity in extreme conditions.

Metallic implants operate in a complex physiological environment where electrochemical processes govern corrosion and long-term performance. This work investigates the electrochemical behavior of pure titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, tantalum, and niobium in Ringer’s solution at pH 5.5, using linear polarization, cyclic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that titanium and tantalum rapidly form compact and adherent oxide films (TiO₂, Ta₂O₅), which ensure passivation and low corrosion rates. Zirconium exhibits limited passivation with porous oxide layers and mainly generalized corrosion, while molybdenum does not form a stable passive film and corrodes actively, producing weakly adherent porous oxides. Niobium displays intermediate behavior, with partial passivation but reduced stability compared to Ti and Ta. The EIS spectra were adequately fitted using equivalent circuit models with two time constants and constant phase elements. These findings provide a reference framework for understanding the individual role of each element in designing and optimizing future Ti–Mo–Zr–Ta–Nb biomedical alloys.

Semiconductor manufacturing is a high-precision industry that demands an ultra-clean environment, where the stable and high-quality supply of ultra-pure water (UPW) plays a pivotal role. Within semiconductor clusters, even minor fluctuations in UPW quality can significantly impact product yield and process reliability. As such, real-time and high-precision control of key water quality parameters—including electrical conductivity (EC) is essential. EC serves as a critical indicator of ionic concentration in water and is highly sensitive to temperature. It also exhibits strong correlations with total dissolved solids (TDS) and degas equilibrium quality (DEQ), both of which are important for evaluating the purity and degassing efficiency of UPW. This study presents the design and development of a smart EC-based water quality sensor module, specifically optimized for UPW systems in semiconductor manufacturing facilities. The proposed sensor integrates a high-precision EC measurement cell and a temperature sensor into a compact unit, supported by an embedded microcontroller-based algorithm. This architecture enables real-time output of temperature-compensated EC values, as well as calculated TDS and DEQ metrics, all within a single sensing platform. The performance of the developed sensor was evaluated under various operating conditions, demonstrating superior accuracy, repeatability, response time, and long-term stability when compared to conventional commercial sensors. Additionally, the compact, all-in-one design offers practical advantages in terms of space efficiency and maintenance simplicity. This research provides a practical implementation of a high-reliability, high-sensitivity water quality monitoring solution, and establishes a technical foundation for smart water management infrastructure in next-generation semiconductor fabrication environments.

The increasing demand for building materials has significantly heightened the consumption of virgin raw materials, particularly sand and gravel. As a result, there is an ongoing effort to Identify alternative products that can be integrated into building material formulations. This initiative aims to enhance the properties of these materials while reducing the quantity of aggregates used. One promising alternative is timber waste or furniture scraps, which can serve as lightweight aggregates in building materials. Current literature discusses the influence of these products on the mechanical properties of geopolymers and conventional concrete. However, the interaction and effects of these organic particles on the microstructure of geopolymers have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of wood particles on the morphology of fly ash-based geopolymers. To achieve this, mixtures containing 10%, 20%, and 30% wood content by weight were prepared. These mixtures were subjected to compressive strength tests, and the destruction zones were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to observe the interface transition zone between the matrix and the reinforcing particles. The microstructure analysis revealed that, at certain percentages of wood waste, the particles were homogeneously distributed within the matrix and positively contributed to the mechanical properties of the composite. Furthermore, the type of particle was also significant; larger particles can slow down crack propagation, while smaller particles can fill pores, leading to a denser matrix. However, at high percentages, the wood particles tend to absorb large amounts of activator, negatively affecting the dissolution of fly ash particles, which ultimately results in a weaker matrix in terms of mechanical properties.

The article presents the technology for obtaining flame retardant microwave absorbers based on powdered charcoal. These absorbers include three layers. The outer layer of these absorbers is formed based on a mixture of powdered aluminum oxide or titanium dioxide and a flame retardant paint, the intermediate layer is based on a mixture of powdered activated charcoal impregnated with a calcium or magnesium chloride aqueous solution, and a gypsum aqueous solution, and the inner layer is based on aluminum-containing foiled polymer film. The results of an experimental test of the presented technology are provided. They include the results of a study of the process of interaction of an open flame with absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology, the results of a study of the process of interaction of IR radiation with such absorbers, as well as the results of a study of the electromagnetic radiation absorption characteristics in the frequency range 2.0–17.0 GHz of such absorbers. Using the first of the indicated results, it was confirmed that absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology are flame retardant. Using the second of the indicated results, it was confirmed that absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology provide an effective reduction in the energy of IR radiation. Using the third of the indicated results, patterns of changes in the absorption characteristics of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range 2.0–17.0 GHz of absorbers manufactured in accordance with the presented technology were established, depending on the composition of their outer and intermediate layers.

Traditionally, steel pipelines have been used for the construction of hydrocarbon pipelines, with the use of plastic pipes being restricted to water and sewage applications. There has been a trend to substitute traditional steel pipes with plastic pipes for constructing pipelines used in the transportation of hydrocarbons. Plastic pipes can also be used for various associated applications, including seawater cooling lines, water injection lines, drilling effluent lines, ballast lines, fire mains, potable water lines, and sewage lines. Using plastic pipes for hydrocarbon transport and terminal applications is generally driven by cost. However, the material's corrosion and chemical resistance properties give it distinct advantages over ferrous materials. This research gives information on the selection process for the acceptance and suitability of plastic pipes for the transportation of hydrocarbons and general utility applications at terminals and pump stations

This study presents an in-depth evaluation of the double-action oedometer (DAO) as an advanced testing apparatus for simulating soil compressibility under near-field conditions. Unlike the classic oedometer, which enforces full lateral confinement and single-direction loading, the DAO introduces a dual-loading mechanism. A large platen simulates preconsolidation pressure σ’p, while a concentric piston does the incremental vertical loads, which in effect allows partial lateral deformation. The objective is to reflect the in-situ anisotropic stress paths so that post-test theoretical corrections could be minimised. Silty clay samples were tested using both the DAO and the classic oedometer. Compressibility parameters Eoed, Cc, mv and av were compared. The DAO results recorded higher stiffness Eoed = 10,867 kPa, reduced strain, and more realistic ei trends. The DAO Eoed in comparison with the classic gives M0 = 1.04, which is lower than the theoretical M0 from the correction coefficient in the NP 112/2014. These outcomes could indicate the overestimation of the M0 in theoretical standards. Additionally, the lower strain and settlement yields from the DAO testing under identical stress levels indicate reduced influence of sample disturbance. The apparatus effectively simulates the natural soil stress history and void ratio evolution. This leads to improved prediction of settlement and more accurate derivation of mechanical parameters used in design. The DAO demonstrates clear benefits for geotechnical modelling, offering a cost-effective alternative to classic and modified oedometers. Its potential for standardization and integration into geotechnical codes is significant

A promising class of materials, chalcogenide perovskites (CPs), are characterized by their exceptional stability, environmentally friendly composition, and intriguing optoelectronic properties. To comprehensively analyze the structural, mechanical, and thermodynamic characteristics of MgBS 3 (where B = Hf, Ti, and Zr), one of the most promising members of the metal chalcogenide perovskite family, we employed density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Our theoretical results indicate that MgHfS 3 is the most stable compound, aligning well with the reported syntheses of other chalcogenide perovskites. These materials exhibit anisotropy, robust mechanical stability, and significant resistance to deformation under external stress, fulfilling the Born stability criteria. Pugh ratio analysis confirms that MgZrS 3 (1.99) is ductile, as well as MgHfS 3 (1.91) while MgTiS 3 (0.05) is brittle. Thermodynamic calculations reveal the Debye temperatures of MgHfS 3 (282.94 K), MgZrS 3 (325.67 K), and MgTiS 3 (376.76 K), along with vibrational energies, entropies, and constant volume heat capacities of MgHfS 3 (115 JK⁻¹Nmol⁻¹) and MgZrS 3 (112 JK⁻¹Nmol⁻¹). Notably, the free vibrational energy decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. These characteristics underscore the potential of MgBS 3 -based CPs in developing more robust and efficient optoelectronic devices and indoor photovoltaics. Furthermore, due to its lower Debye temperature compared to other CPs, MgHfS 3 emerges as a significant candidate for thermodynamic applications. Our findings suggest that MgBS 3 chalcogenide perovskites (B = Hf, Ti, and Zr) possess substantial promise for advancing ferromagnetic materials, renewable energy solutions, and optoelectronic devices.