Because of its exceptional combination of mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and outstanding biocompatibility, titanium and its alloys continue to be essential in the development of cutting-edge biomedical implants. But choosing the right alloy system is not enough to provide maximum clinical performance; coordinated engineering of chemical composition, microstructure, and surface functioning is also necessary. This article offers a comprehensive summary of current developments in the design of non-toxic β-stabilized titanium alloys, thermomechanical processing to regulate microstructural characteristics, and nanoscale surface modification to improve biological responses. Stress shielding effects have been successfully mitigated by new alloy systems based on Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo, and Sn, which have shown notable gains in elastic modulus reduction, phase stability, and biomechanical compatibility. Strength, ductility, fatigue resistance, and changeable stiffness can be improved by precisely altering grain size, α/β phase distribution, and defect structures through microstructural optimization via solution treatment, aging, severe plastic deformation, and hot working. Anodization, acid and alkaline treatment, sol-gel deposition, and chemical vapor deposition are examples of complementary surface engineering techniques that create bioactive, nanostructured surfaces with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory qualities, enhance corrosion resistance, and speed up osteointegration. A new paradigm in multifunctional titanium biomaterials that combine surface characteristics, microstructure, and composition optimization has emerged, one that may provide mechanical reliability with biological intelligence. This unified strategy will be useful in developing next-gen orthopedic and dental implants that integrate with the body more effectively, last longer, and provide superior clinical outcomes.

Selective laser melting is one of the most common additive manufacturing technologies, appreciated for its precision and accuracy in the fabrication of complex tridimensional parts from metallic powders, by tridimensional computer-assisted design (CAD-3D). The parts fabricated by this method have a remarkable wear and corrosion resistance, high hardness and good fiability. This manufacturing technology has been applied in various fields, such as automotive industry, aerospace sector and medical field (for bone prostheses and dental applications). The process involves the total melting of the metallic powder by means of a laser beam, the energy and power of which can be controlled. Subsequently, the material solidifies from the liquid phase and the physical-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the finished products are influenced by the technological parameters used in the process. The heat treatments applied to the processed parts, especially those for medical applications, are meant to reduce internal stresses, to improve the microstructure with favorable effects on the material’s corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. In this way, the exploitation sustainability of the implants and medical devices, processed through selective laser melting, from Co-Cr-W alloy powders, can be improved

Cellulose is widely recognized as a plentiful, renewable and optically active source of carbohydrate polymers. This research contributes to our understanding of the effect of incorporating cellulose into a metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix on its morphological and optical behaviour with the aim of expanding the range of applications for this eco-friendly material. The cellulose was incorporated as an additive into geopolymers with different weight percentages: 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. XRD diagrams of geopolymers display a broad amorphous hump, confirming the polymeric character of samples, with noticeable peaks correlated to illite, quartz, SiO2, and cellulose crystalline phases. The results obtained were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the samples was investigated by SEM, and the results indicate that the optimal concentrations of cellulose are 0.5 and 1 wt%. UV-VIS analysis revealed a significant increase in absorbance in the UV and visible regions of the G2 spectrum, corresponding to the highest amount of cellulose incorporated.

This research work was carried out to prepare hybrid-type polymer composites by introducing aluminum (Al) and sugarcane bagasse as reinforcements and polypropylene as the matrix phase. The hybrid composite was PP-Al-Bagasse. Here, the percentage of reinforcements varied (10-40 wt.% %), and the reinforcements were used to investigate the changes in different properties. UTM was used to determine the tensile strength and impact strength. OM SEM was used to examine the morphological characteristics of the hybrid composites. According to experimental research, the PP-Al-Bagasse hybrid composite possesses less mechanical strength than virgin polypropylene. Although mechanical properties are decreasing, we found that (30 weight percent of reinforcement) the hybrid composite gave comparatively higher values than other wt. Percentage of reinforcements. And the results of tensile strength and impact strength were 24.57and 3861.85 MPa, respectively.

Asbestos has traditionally been used in brake pad production due to its durability, but concerns over its health hazards, non-biodegradability, and high cost have prompted the search for safer alternatives. This study investigates the development of eco-friendly, asbestos-free brake pad composites using agro-waste materials, periwinkle shell (PS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix. The uniqueness of the composites lies in combining the high thermal resistance of PS with the mechanical strength of PKS to create a cost-effective and sustainable friction material. The composites were produced with optimized particle sizes of 100–125 μm in various PS-PKS proportions, and their mechanical and tribological properties were evaluated. Results showed that finer particles reduced porosity, improved wear resistance and enhanced hardness up to 75 HRC for PS and 55.7 HRB for PKS. The best formulations achieved coefficients of friction between 0.35–0.44 and wear rates ranging from 0.017 to 0.170 mm/min, comparable to commercial brake pads. Thermal analysis confirmed that PS remains stable above 600 °C, while PKS decomposes in stages between 54–538 °C. These findings support the viability of PS/PKS-epoxy composites as high-performance, environmentally sustainable alternatives to asbestos-based materials.

The demand for lightweight, high-performance, and multifunctional structures has driven rapid advances in multi-material joining technologies across aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries. Traditional joining methods often struggle with challenges such as thermal distortion, brittle intermetallic formation, and residual stresses when bonding dissimilar materials. This review critically examines three advanced additive manufacturing techniques—Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC), Cold Spray (CS), and Electron Beam Melting (EBM)—that offer promising solutions for multi-material fabrication. The mechanisms, material compatibility, microstructural evolution, and mechanical performance of joints produced by each process are systematically discussed. UC and CS, as solid-state processes, minimize thermal damage and oxidation, enabling strong joints between metals with dissimilar properties. EBM, operating in a high-vacuum environment, allows precise control over microstructure and enables the fabrication of complex, high-performance components. The novelty of this review lies in its integrative comparison of solid-state and fusion-based techniques, with a specific focus on their effectiveness in multi-material structural applications. It emphasizes interface behavior, residual stress development, and scalability challenges, while highlighting underexplored directions such as hybrid processing, interface engineering, tailored material feedstocks, and in-situ monitoring strategies. However, challenges such as bonding efficiency, residual stress management, and scalability remain. Future research directions are proposed, including process optimization, interface engineering, expanded material libraries, and integrated real-time monitoring to fully realize the potential of these emerging technologies for multi-material structural applications.

Arsenic contamination in water remains a significant environmental and public health challenge, necessitating efficient removal strategies. This study employs advanced quantum mechanical calculations to quantitatively evaluate arsenic’s interactions with graphene and water under vacuum and aqueous conditions. Key molecular descriptors, including electron affinity (EA) and global electrophilicity index (GEI), reveal that water (EA = -1.85 eV, GEI = 0.94 eV) and graphene (EA = 1.34 eV, GEI = 2.81 eV) exhibit a higher electron-donating capacity, while arsenic demonstrates strong electron-accepting (EA = 4.87 eV) and electrophilic behavior (GEI = 39.19 eV). These findings suggest that arsenic, being highly electrophilic, preferentially adsorbs onto electron-rich materials like graphene, which has significantly lower GEI and EA values. Additionally, interaction energy gap calculations indicate that arsenic interacts more strongly with graphene (IEGAE = 0.61 eV) than with water (IEGAE = 3.05 eV), reinforcing graphene’s superior adsorption efficiency. A similar trend is observed in the aqueous environment, with a slight reduction in interaction strength due to increased water molecule presence. Molecular orbital analyses, including electrostatic potential mapping and interaction energy band gaps, further confirm graphene’s superior affinity for arsenic removal. These insights highlight graphene’s potential as an advanced adsorbent, offering a sustainable solution for arsenic mitigation in water treatment applications.

Extrusion is a widely used technique in processing Al-Zn-Mg alloys due to its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to enhance mechanical properties. This study examines the effects of two critical extrusion parameters namely, reduction ratio and die angle on the mechanical and microstructural behavior of these alloys. Studies show that increasing the reduction ratio from 8:1 to 24:1 significantly refines grains, boosts tensile strength by up to 30%, and increases hardness through enhanced plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization. However, excessively high ratios may cause tool wear and reduced ductility. Smaller die angles of 15°–30° yield more uniform deformation and finer grains, improving strength and hardness. Die angles greater than 60° increase extrusion pressure, decrease stability, and may impair performance. Optimal results of tensile strength exceeding 400 MPa and elongation over 10% are achieved at die angles of 30°–45° and reduction ratios of 16:1–20:1. This review provides a novel synthesis of parameter-property relationships, offering valuable insights for optimizing extrusion conditions to achieve superior mechanical properties in Al-Zn-Mg alloys.

In this study, ternary copper zinc sulphide (CZS) thin films were produced using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique at 30 0° C. The aim was to investigate the influence o deposition concentrations( 𝑥 = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.8), and durations (10, 12, 14, and 16 hours) on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characteristics of the prepared CZS thin films. The process involved using an ammonia solution to adjust the pH and triethanolamine (TEA) as a complexing agent. The CBD technique is recognized as a cost-effective and straightforward method, as reported by numerous researchers. The deposited films exhibited crystalline grains that were ellipsoidal in nature and randomly distributed across the substrate, with sizes varying (from 0.2 to 0.6 ) according to the deposition parameters. The influence of deposition time on the morphological characteristics has also been explored. These findings confirm that the CBD-deposited films can be modified from amorphous to polycrystalline for various device applications