Padina australis is a brown macroalgae that is abundant in Indonesian coastal waters. It is known to contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. This research aims to produce and determine the best extraction technique to increase the % yield and test the toxicity of the methanol extract and the n-hexane fraction of Padina australis . This study began with macroalgae sampling, determination, extraction (maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)), phytochemical screening, liquid-liquid fractionation, thin layer chromatography, and BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) toxicity testing. According to the research results, it is known that the UAE method provides the highest % yield of methanol extract at 10.86% compared to the maceration method, namely 4.76%. Furthermore, there was no difference in the phytochemical content of the two extraction methods. Meanwhile, there are differences in the phytochemical content of the n-hexane fraction, namely that the maceration method contains steroids, and the UAE contains steroids and saponins. Then, the toxicity test for the methanol extract obtained the highest LC50 value for the UAE method at 352.508 ppm, while for the n-hexane fraction, the highest LC50 value was 54.99 ppm. The methanol extract and n-hexane fraction in the toxicity test were included in the very toxic and toxic categories. The benefit of this research is to provide information about the comparison of the two extraction methods and toxicity tests of the methanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Padina australis.

Clean water is increasingly difficult to obtain, even though water is a chemical compound that is very important for living creatures' lives. Industrial and domestic community waste are a big problem in polluting the Citarum River, causing the water to become unfit. One of the toxic heavy metals found in Citarum River water is chromium (Cr(VI)). The technique that can be used to remove the heavy metal Cr(VI) in Citarum river water samples is adsorption using biological material (biosorption). Biosorption is the process of absorbing metal ions by materials originating from nature. In this research, jengkol peel was used. A modification of this research from previous research is the design of the "Padi Lingko" tool. This research aims to determine the results of the function test of the Padi Lingko tool and measure chromium(VI) levels in treated Citarum river water samples. The results of the analysis show that the power supply measurement results are in accordance with the expected values. The speed test results show appropriate values, namely at a low speed of 213 rpm, a medium speed of 1109 rpm, and a high speed of 1225 rpm. The timer test results show the appropriate time, with an average error factor of -0.02%. The results of the storage bucket test showed that when operated, the bucket did not produce vibrations or noise and could hold water. Apart from that, there are no leaks in the collection bucket. The test results show that the drive motor works well and can rotate the shaft without stuttering. The Padi Lingko tool could be used and succeeded in reducing Cr(VI) until a final level of 0.0529 mg/L was obtained.

<span lang="EN-US">Thermochemistry is considered difficult because students are required to be able to apply mathematical equations in a calculation. Coupled with the use of the lecture method, this makes students less active and bored with learning, so the learning outcomes are low. Therefore, appropriate teaching strategies are needed so that learning becomes effective, namely using a buzz group based on blended learning where there is collaboration and discussion between students with the integration of digital technology. This study aimed to determine the effect of buzz groups based on blended learning to improve students' cognitive learning outcomes in thermochemical material. This research is experimental research, with a quasi-experimental design in the form of a pretest-posttest control group. The research was conducted at MA Minhajut Tholabah, Purbalingga. The sampling technique chosen was saturation sampling, with a sample of class XI MIA 1 as the experimental class and class XI MIA 2 as the control class. The research instrument uses test questions and questionnaires. The function of this instrument is to compare the result of learning between the experimental and control classes. The data analysis technique used for testing the hypothesis is the Mann-Whitney test, and the questionnaire uses percentages. Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney test, the significance value was 0.03 &lt;0.05, which means that H0 is rejected. The average of the student response questionnaire was 77%. This result can be categorized as interesting. It was concluded that there was an influence of the blended learning-based buzz group method to improve students' cognitive learning outcomes in thermochemical material, and the results of the response questionnaire indicated that students were interested in using this method.</span>

<span lang="EN-US">This research aims to develop and analyze the characteristics, feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of the MPPj ethno-STEAM e-LKPD to improve students' numeracy literacy and conservation character. MPPj is an abbreviation for Project Learning Model, a learning model based on PjBL. The research uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method, with the approach model used being the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. The analysis stage was carried out to determine students' needs for teaching materials through interviews with teachers. The design stage is carried out to create a design for the e-LKPD. The development stage was carried out to develop research instruments. The instruments in this research include test instruments and non-test instruments. The implementation stage is carried out for product testing. The trials were carried out three times, namely small-scale trials to test the validity and reliability of the instrument and product feasibility, large-scale trials for practicality and effectiveness, and finally, implementation trials to determine the practicality and effectiveness of the final product. The evaluation stage is carried out to analyze the results of product implementation. The research results show (1) the characteristics of e-LKPD, (2) the product is suitable for use based on the results of feasibility tests by material experts and media experts, (3) the product is declared practical based on the results of the practicality questionnaire analysis by teachers and students, (4) the product is effectively used to develop numeracy literacy with indicators of estimating and calculating, using fractions, recognizing and using patterns, using spatial reasoning, using measurements, interpreting statistical information analyzed based on N-gain results, effectively developing conservation character based on the results of analysis of observation sheets with conservation indicators, namely caring, creativity, love of the country, responsibility, caring for the environment, using wisely and effectively in MPPj ethno-STEAM based on the results of the analysis of the project assessment sheet.</span>

ecosystems and alter the genetic code of normal bacteria, resulting in bacterial resistance. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of the antibiotics that can be an environmental challenge if it accumulates in certain quantities. The process that can be used to eliminate CIP waste from water is the photocatalysis process. This work aimed to study the kinetics of CIP degradation using TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTAs) from the anodization process. TNTAs with varying water contents and voltages are produced during the anodization process. TNTAs are synthesized by anodizing organic electrolyte solutions with different voltages (40, 50, and 60 V) and water contents (20, 25, and 30%). The TNTAs are then employed in CIP waste degradation with variations in the initial pH of the waste (pH 5-8) for 3 hours. SEM and XRD were used in this investigation to characterize the catalyst. SEM results illustrate the effect of voltage and water content on the anodization process with increasing contact surface area. XRD data demonstrate the presence of anatase phase crystals produced in TNTAs. The results showed that the kinetics of the CIP degradation reaction followed order one, with the best kinetic constant attained at 8.24 hours -1 .

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a by-product of processing CPO (Crude Palm Oil) at a palm oil processing factory. The accumulation of Oil Palm EFB waste could cause environmental problems in the future. One of the optimal ways to reuse oil palm EFB waste is to convert it into bio-oil using pyrolysis. Bio-oil contains phenol, acid compounds, and their derivatives with antioxidant and antimicrobial, which makes them suitable for biopesticides. This study aims to produce Bio-Oil by pyrolysis at different temperatures and analyze its characterization for use as a biopesticide. Oil Palm EFB characterization was carried out by measuring the yield and pH and analyzing the Phenol and Acetic Acid compounds in the pyrolysis products at 100oC, 150oC, and 245oC. Yield analysis was carried out by comparing the mass of the Bio-Oil produced with the mass of the Oil Palm EFB raw material used. Phenol was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and absorbance was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, acetic acid was determined using the titrated acid-base method, and pH was measured using a pH meter. The results showed that the parameter of temperature in pyrolysis affected the concentration of the chemical compounds produced. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperature parameter affected the concentration of the chemical compounds produced. Treatment at 150oC- 245oC is the best result due to the parameters that have been analyzed. The characteristics of the Bio-oil produced are a yield of 29.63%-100%, total phenol of 1.04%-3.87%, total acid of 1.12%-2.14%, and a pH value of 4.09 - 4.16. The characteristics of this Bio Oil can be used as a biopesticide that complies with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).

<span lang="EN">The low inputs, processes, and learning outputs require competency assessments in science, one of which is scientific literacy and self-regulation. This study aims to determine the differences in scientific literacy and self-regulation of students in buffer solution materials. This study is quasi-experimental using a non-equivalent control group design. The study population consisted of 205 students from the XI MIPA SMAN 7 Banjarmasin class, and sampling used purposive sampling techniques with a sample of 69 students. Data collection was carried out using test instruments in the form of multiple-choice Three Tier Tests and non-tests in the form of self-regulation questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using Multivariate Variance Analysis (MANOVA) with the help of SPSS 27.0 software. The results of hypothesis testing show a significance of &lt;0.05, meaning that there is a significant influence of critical thinking models on these two variables. So, it can be concluded that there is an influence of scientific critical thinking models on scientific literacy abilities and students' self-regulation.</span>

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is a polymer that has one function as an absorbent material in baby diapers, whose quality is determined by the number of swelling capacity (SC). Many previous studies regarding the effect of synthesis parameters on the number of SC were limited to the laboratory scale, where the polymerization conditions, the number of variables, and SC data obtained were very limited, in contrast to the industrial scale. The radical polymerization stage, with its accompanying operating variables such as reaction temperature, monomer concentration, retention time, crosslinker concentration, the addition of nitrogen gas, and initiator concentration, affects the value of SC in industrial-scale production. This study aims to analyse the correlation between the reactor operating conditions and the number of SAP SC obtained. Correlation data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel with Data Analysis Toolpak and Python by utilizing production data with a total of 1,562 entries, where the correlation between each variable was calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The analysis determined that the variables that had the strongest correlation with the SC were retention time and reaction temperature, with correlation coefficient values of 0.31 and -0.26. The weakest correlation was obtained from the addition of nitrogen gas and an initiator with a value of -0.07 and -0.02. Positive values indicate a relationship that is directly proportional, while negative values indicate an inverse relationship. Based on the correlation analyses and trends, the ideal polymerization conditions have been identified.

Kratom leaves are known as traditional medicine with various benefits, such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. These benefits are attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites, particularly mitragynine. Mitragynine can be obtained through extraction methods. However, to date, no research has compared the efficiency of sonication, reflux, and soxhletation extraction methods on three variants of kratom leaves for obtaining mitragynine. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the extraction methods by extracting 15 grams of three variants of kratom leaves using the sonication, reflux, and soxhlet methods. Each extract obtained was quantitatively analyzed using a UV- Vis spectrophotometer to determine the amount of alkaloid and HPLC to determine the amount of mitragynine. The results indicate that the most efficient method for obtaining total alkaloid from the green variant (19.125 mg/g) is through sonication and reflux, the red variant (31,625 mg/g) and the white variant (26,125 mg/g) are through sonication. The most efficient method for obtaining mitragynine from green (22.21 mg/g) is sonication, from red (29.15 mg/g) is reflux, and from white (24.62 mg/g) is soxhletation. Overall, these data show that different extraction methods produce different levels of mitragynine in each kratom variant.