José-Augusto Fran ça : Space and amenities in pombal's lisbon. Lisbon, destroyed by an earthquake on 1st November 1757, was reconstructed following a plan discussed with the Marquis of Pombal, in the style of «Enlightened Europe ». It became a rationally planned, functional town, entirely different from the old city, a labyrinth of winding alleyways. Open spaces and public hygiene were the particular concerns of «Pombalian » urbanists ; wide streets and huge squares were laid out, in which air and light were the new criteria. The introduction of pavements, the attention paid to drains and street-cleaning, the idea of water conduits to every house, the creation of obligatory cemeteries, were the basic principles integrated into the plans for the new city by a government whose main concern was public health.

Condorcet : An unpublished report on hospitals. This report by Condorcet is part of a debate in the Académie des Sciences before the Revolution concerning the replacement of the Hôtel-Dieu. Con-dorcet's propositions are highly original. His hospital planning is presented within the framework of an optimisation problem based on data selected through an empirical process. Instead of a single structure, he recommended breaking up the hospital into smaller neighbourhood units designed by a mul-tidisciplinary team of architects, mathematicians, surgeons, «political scientists » and other specialists. In addition, this is probably the first text to propose community participation in the design decision-making process.