The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into legal education is rapidly transforming the skills required of future legal professionals. This article explores the pedagogical, ethical and institutional implications of AI in legal education, drawing on theoretical frameworks and practical examples. The study argues for the inclusion of a core ‘law and technology’ unit to ensure graduates are equipped with both the technical proficiency and ethical sensitivity required in an AI-driven legal landscape. It concludes that a forward-thinking, interdisciplinary approach supported by infrastructure, faculty training and policy alignment is essential for preparing law students to navigate and shape the future of legal practice responsibly.

The issue of domicile reservations in India is highly debated and controversial, with significant legal and sociological implications in contemporary discourse. One such discussion comes after the Madhya Pradesh state government’s announcement to reserve 100 per cent of public jobs for the domiciles. Nonetheless, this approach is not limited to one political party; however, most political parties broadly adopted such policies across India. Some states have devised an alternative way to reserve seats for the locals by making the knowledge of the local language compulsory, which, in reality, has become a way to deny opportunities to the people of other states. Initially, these matters of domicile were limited to educational institutions and public-sector jobs; however, they later became matters of private employment. Considering this whole debate, it seems vital to have an inclusive and critical analysis of the domicile reservation’s legal, sociological and economic aspects according to the constitutional provisions, different case laws and reports. Moreover, this article tries to contend with the state government’s justifications for the domicile reservation by analysing their arguments and ramifications from different aspects (including larger notions like meritocracy, unity and integrity) to see whether such reservation is beneficial or carries more detrimental effects.

In the distinguished spheres of private security industries, India and the UK confront a shared predicament—a conspicuous void in unambiguous wage regulation within their governing acts. This systemic lapse, diluting the safeguarding of employee rights and welfare, engenders concerns over wage inequalities, perpetuating a vulnerable workforce’s susceptibility to exploitation. This discord reverberates as an intricate dissonance in the tapestry of labour regulations, weaving threads of disparity, neglect and inequity, thereby underscoring a poignant disjunction between international ideals and the tangible hardships faced by the unsung custodians of security. The article will address these demands by embracing global labour standards, harmonizing legislative frameworks and their implementation and nurturing collaborations among stakeholders for equitable compensation.

This article evaluates the effectiveness of the bilingual Chinese–Portuguese Bachelor of Law programme at the University of Macau, designed to address the unique demands of Macau’s legal system. As a former Portuguese colony and current Chinese Special Administrative Region, Macau’s legal framework, enshrined in its Basic Law, requires proficiency in both Chinese and Portuguese. The five-year programme integrates bilingual legal education with intensive language training, including an optional year abroad in Portugal for immersive Portuguese study. Analysing a decade of data (2014–2024) from 333 students, the study reveals that 48.77 per cent of students who studied in Portugal achieved B2 proficiency, compared to 20.83 per cent of those who remained in Macau. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted international mobility, sharply reducing proficiency gains in affected cohorts. Despite challenges, the programme graduated 99 bilingual students, with flexibility allowing transfers to a Chinese-only track if language benchmarks are unmet. The authors argue that the programme’s success—combining rigorous legal training with strategic linguistic immersion—provides a model for bilingual legal education.

The Dharmaśāstras (DS) are foundational texts in ancient Bhāratīya legal and moral philosophy, providing extensive guidance for societal governance and individual conduct. These texts encompass a broad spectrum of social, ethical and legal principles that shape concepts of justice, ethics, equality and governance. Throughout history, the DS have significantly influenced legal doctrine and governance structures in ancient Bharat, impacting both civil [ dharmasthīya ] and criminal [ kaṇṭakaśodhana ] cases. Civil disputes, property claims and familial conflicts were adjudicated under DS injunctions, while criminal cases such as theft, assault and public disorder were resolved through mediation, arbitration and the application of proportionate punishments [ ihalaukika and pāralaukika ]. In the contemporary context, there is a growing scholarly interest in how core dharma principles, such as ahiṃsā [non-violence], satya [truthfulness] and karuṇā [compassion] may contribute to enriching Indian jurisprudence. This article undertakes a textual analysis of dharmaśāstric literature to evaluate its underlying jurisprudential frameworks and assess the relevance and applicability of dharma -based legal reasoning in shaping contemporary legal theory and institutional practices in India. It seeks to bridge traditional legal philosophy with modern jurisprudential inquiry, highlighting both challenges and prospects in integrating ancient ethical–legal paradigms within the current constitutional order. Integrating these ancient principles into modern frameworks raises challenges related to cultural sensitivity, pluralism and constitutionalism yet offers opportunities for enriching legal discourse through cross-cultural dialogue and engagement with diverse philosophical traditions.

Biometric technologies, particularly facial recognition technology (FRT), have made it possible to recognize and authenticate people differently based on an individual’s unique physical and behavioural characteristics. By examining unique facial features, FRT becomes distinct and offers additional benefits in digital forensics compared to traditional forensic options. Given the increasing use of FRT, this study will examine the legal implications, such as privacy, due process, proportionality and fundamental rights of FRT on law enforcement, employing a comparative analysis of European Union (EU) and Indian law. FRT depends on biometric data processing. The basic facial recognition systems focus on identifying unique facial features and their spatial relationships, thereby building a virtual image of the face. Although FRT is widely adopted throughout Europe, its use struggles with accuracy, privacy concerns and the rules governing sensitive biometric data. This has a direct impact on fundamental rights. Through qualitative legal analysis of cases, research papers and legislation, the study assesses the effects of each FRT step on fundamental rights. From the procedural standpoint, the study identifies the current legal shortcomings. The study reveals that current regulations include provisions for AI-based biometric systems; however, they lack the necessary rules to justify law enforcement’s use of FRT. Without legal checks and balances, such use of FRT is improper. The study suggests measures and guidelines to regulate the use of FRT.

Street Law refers to legal literacy programmes which aims to educate and empower the community about the law, legal processes and their rights and responsibilities through interactive methodologies. Through this programme, the students are able to deliver various topics on legal rights and responsibilities emphasizing the knowledge, skills and value of the learners and empowering them at the same time. Established in 1972 at Georgetown University, the programme has grown globally. Universiti Malaya and Universitas Indonesia have had a collaboration on the Street Law programme since 2017, focusing on urban children and women. This programme emphasizes experiential learning, enabling students to navigate cross-border legal frameworks, cultures and languages while addressing marginalized communities’ needs. Interactive teaching methods, such as role-play and puppet shows, have been instrumental. This article examines the programme’s implementation, activities, benefits, challenges and its role in enhancing legal education and community service over almost 10 years.

This article examines the future direction of clinical legal education in India, where it can be positioned to promote socially relevant legal education so that the pervasive justice gap can be bridged. First, this article traces the development of Indian legal education in four phases, starting from colonial foundations to contemporary times in the globalized era. Second, this article analyses how clinical legal education has transformed the legal training in India from the perspective of pedagogical reforms, legal aid movements, as well as constitutional mandates. Then the article examines the effectiveness of the clinical legal education in India and how it has failed to address the legal needs of poor and marginalized communities in India. The article explores some institutional barriers such as limited faculty training, funding and inadequate policy support. This article also highlights the lack of meaningful integration of clinical legal education in mainstream legal academia. The article concludes by arguing that an urgent reform is needed so that transformative pedagogy can be employed to make clinical legal education rooted in systemic reform, reducing the justice gap, ethical lawyering and community engagement. This way, socially relevant lawyers can be produced by strengthening clinical legal education.

Legal education in Bangladesh has undergone changes, but the integration of general education remains limited. Countries leading the global legal arena prioritize general education in their evolving education systems. However, stakeholders in Bangladeshi legal education have not advocated for significant curricular reforms, resulting in the absence of quality graduates. While some universities have implemented general education programmes, the lack of emphasis on student perspectives hinders progress. This research addresses this gap by investigating the value of undergraduate law students at BRAC University (a leading university in Bangladesh) on the general education curriculum. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a literature review, quantitative online surveys with 138 students and extensive in-person interviews with students from 12 representative categories. The scope focuses on BRAC University but draws comparisons with other Bangladeshi and top global and Asian universities for context. Finding out how general education adds value to legal professional studies with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of general education curriculum in Bangladesh law schools, the research analyses results and interview findings to provide practical recommendations for the current educational landscape. This study focuses on and is limited to student perspectives, a crucial element often overlooked in curriculum development, and aims to influence positive change through effective, practical and visionary recommendations in Bangladeshi legal education. The research concludes that the importance of general education is immensely rising among the students and, consequently, the research meaningfully contributes to the existing literature shaped through experts’ and academicians’ perspectives by including a student-centric approach.

In the contemporary digital age, legislative and judicial entities are becoming more proactive in safeguarding consumer interests in response to evolving socio-economic trends. Legislation aims to meet the changing demands of contemporary customers, whose choices are shaped by technology, convenience and market accessibility. The evolution of consumer protection legislation in India is influenced by international norms and duties. This article examines the factors that lawmakers and the judiciary take into account when formulating and interpreting consumer protection legislation, especially regarding online shopping platforms. Consumer behaviour, particularly in digital markets, is fluid and needs regulatory flexibility. The research examines around 10 e-commerce websites, including Flipkart, Amazon, Homeshop18 and IndiaMART, by juxtaposing their terms and conditions with current Indian legislation. The aim is to pinpoint regulatory deficiencies and propose improvements to safeguard consumer rights in digital environments. This research underscores the significance of legal education in enhancing consumer protection. Legal education functions as a conduit between scholarly investigation and practical governance, preparing future practitioners to critically address modern consumer law issues. It cultivates awareness, analytical skills and policy acumen among both students and practitioners. This article contextualizes consumer protection within the larger scope of legal evolution in Asia by analysing the interaction of legislative frameworks, internet commerce and educational activities.