The role of the National Firefighting and Rescue System is to standardize rescue activities undertaken by the State Fire Service and other rescue entities in situations of threat to life, health, property or the environment. Organisational units of military fire protection service are not comprised in the structures of this system by law, however, on the basis of agreements concluded between representatives of the State Fire Service and military units, they support a number of rescue and firefighting activities. The article presents an analysis of the size of the forces and resources participating in these activities over recent years and an assessment of commitment of military fire protection services undertaken for the national rescue and firefighting system.

Developing societal resilience to emergencies is a key component in promoting national and global stability and security. This process consists of preparation, response and recovery, and aims to minimize the effects of potential natural and man-made crises. All state institutions, organizations, as well as citizens should become involved in this process. A key element will be educating the community, building awareness of threats and developing critical infrastructure, as well as promoting solidarity among local communities. The purpose of the article is to review mechanisms that affect the building of community resilience, and to identify key factors that contribute to this process. The article discusses preventive measures, as well as those undertaken during and after a crisis. In particular, aspects such as the role of education, public policy, crisis communication and mobilization of social and technological resources are considered. To explore the topic in more depth, a literature survey was conducted, analysing available academic sources, reports from international organizations and case studies of crisis management at different levels of society.

The article discusses the issue of state security infrastructure construction facilities, which refer tothe concept of special construction facilities in force until 1974, introduced in 1961 by the provisionsof the Construction Law Act. It is based on the adoption of an integrated nature of state security andthe assumption that the security of the state, individuals and social groups against external andinternal threats is determined by the quality of functional, spatial, material and construction solutionsof facilities, resulting from their location, design, construction and operation.

The increasing presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products and their subsequentrelease into the environment raises concerns about their impact on soil and water systems. Thepresent study investigates the interactions between silver nanoparticles and silver ions with organicmucksoil, with particular focus on their adsorption and retention mechanisms. Key physicochemicalproperties of the soil, including cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area, and pH, werecharacterised to determine their influence on the behaviour of silver species. Adsorption experimentsindicated that Ag+ ions were adsorbed more efficiently than AgNPs, with maximum adsorptioncapacities of 11.25 mg/g and 7.00 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherms for both Ag+ and AgNPsfit the Freundlich model better than the Langmuir model, suggesting the presence of heterogeneousadsorption sites. Kinetic studies indicate that adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order model,implying chemisorption controlled by chemical interactions between silver species and the soilsurface. Sequential extraction of silver species reveals that Ag+is more easily desorbed, while AgNPsare more tightly bound. These results highlight the environmental implications of silver nanoparticlecontamination in soils and contribute to the understanding of the factors influencing the mobilityand retention of silver in terrestrial ecosystems.

This paper presents issues related to the characteristics and location considerations for storagefacilities containing explosives in relation to other surrounding structures. It outlines methodsand approaches for establishing the minimum permissible distance between the primary storagefacility and other nearby structures, taking into account the effects of shock waves generated by thestored explosives. The criteria for the allocation of base storage facilities (depots) and surroundingstructures are discussed, taking into account embankment and the formation of large-massfragments, according to valid regulations governing this domain.To aid readers in understanding the practical application of methods and formulas for establishingthe permissible distances between explosive material storage facilities and their surroundingstructures, a calculation example is provided.This is crucial for promoting the widespread application of relevant regulations and proper calculationmethodologies presented in the study, ensuring the safety of production, maintenance, and storageof explosives.

Volunteer fire departments play a key role in ensuring the safety of local communities, undertakingrescue and firefighting operations in a dynamic and unpredictable operational environment. In thecontext of the above analyses, the following research question emerges: What are the operationalrisks in the activities of the Biegonice-Nowy Sącz Volunteer Fire Department (VFD) and whatmethods can be used to manage them? The article analyses operational risks in the operation of theBiegonice-Nowy Sącz VFD unit based on a survey of its members. The survey made it possible toidentify some key risk factors. Based on the results, specific solutions were proposed to minimize therisk. The results of the study are a practical contribution to the development of risk managementstrategies in emergency services, offering guidance to other units facing similar challenges.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is currently the most popular technique for assessing the environmentalimpact of products, services and technologies over their entire life cycle ‘from cradle to grave’, ‘cradleto gate’ depending on the system boundary set for the study, or in the case of closed-loop ‘cradle tocradle’. The impact is determined taking into account the different categories of environmentalimpact. Although the method is divided into 4 basic clearly defined stages: goal and scope, life cycleinventory, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation, almost any of these stages can be extendedwith voluntary elements making the analysis much more detailed and difficult. An LCA analysis canbe carried out using different methods depending on the availability of data, the reason for the studyor the target group. The basis for conducting an LCA is to collect the necessary high-quality data,preferably from an original source, which is often very time-consuming. LCA databases (e.g.Ecoinvent, AusLCI, Agri-footprint, worldsteel) are helpful in this respect. Given the continuousdevelopment of LCA, the market offers many digital tools to perform LCA analyses (e.g. SimaPro,openLCA, OneClickLCA).The use of LCA makes it possible to locate system weaknesses that require modification in order toreduce the negative environmental impact of products, services and technologies. The article presentsconcepts with examples and the standards contained in EN ISO 14040 and EN ISO 1404.

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, human life has several needs in which animals play a keyrole, such as physiological needs, safety and belongingness. Animals provide humans with food,livelihood as well as companionship. Animal-human interaction carries the risk of transmittingzoonotic diseases known as zoonoses, which are caused by pathogens, i.e. bacteria, fungi, parasites,viruses, etc., that can endanger the community.Zoonoses are of a global significance with respect to environmental change, health, mobility andinternational trade that leads to their rapid spread. Newly emerging infectious diseases in humanscome from animals, which shows the need to increase monitoring, develop diagnoses and strategiesin preventing them and their spread.The article is devoted to an analysis of the incidence of zoonoses in humans in the MazowieckieProvince in comparison with other provinces in Poland. The first part of the manuscript focuses onthe epidemiology of selected zoonoses, presents the definition and classification of zoonoses, andemphasises their importance in shaping public health. Legal, infrastructural aspects are alsodescribed, and reference is made to areas of research in the field of cooperation in the control ofzoonoses. The second part of the article presents a correlation analysis using Pearson’s coefficient, forwhich statistical data were used. Due to the limited amount of available data, the analysis was madefor 2020 and 2021. The final part of the article includes guidelines for zoonotic disease controlprevention activities.The purpose of this article is to increase public awareness of zoonoses and the resulting risks, and toanalyze the factors that influence their development. The study attempts to determine which factorsand to what extent influence the development of zoonoses, and also whether hospital infrastructureis adequately prepared to combat zoonoses.

The article complements the theoretical aspects of forecasting and designing in security, which waspublished in “Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP” (“Scientific Reports of the Fire University”) no. 92(2)/2024.The main aim of the second part of the article was to demonstrate the usefulness of designing asa research procedure complementary to forecasting in the process of formulating full-scale securitypolicy objectives in a turbulent state security environment. The optimum level of state technologicalsecurity in relation to the megatrend such as universal access to modern technology was identified asthe subject of the study. The first part of the study was a state strategic analysis - identifying theunderlying categories such as threats and opportunities, strengths and weaknesses, extrapolating,reducing them, and grouping for the identification of national interests. Both qualitative (expertmethod) and quantitative (cluster analysis - k-means algorithm) methods were used for this purpose.The results obtained in the analysis process were then used in the second part of the study - thepreviously identified categories constituted a reference to the vision of the state and the projectedconditions of its functioning using the method of idealization and gradual concretization. As a result,it has been possible to modify the wording of the security policy objective to its full-scale form –adequately to the current needs of the state and the complex and dynamic changes in its securityenvironment.

Public administration plays a pivotal role in state functioning, fulfilling the public interest throughvarious organizational, executive, and supervisory functions. The transition toward an informationsociety and the digitalization of public administration presents significant challenges, requiringeffective adaptation to emerging technologies. This article examines the evolution from traditionalpaper-based workflows to advanced electronic systems, such as EZD RP and e-PUAP, with a focus onthe impact of digitalization on the efficiency and comfort of public officials, as well as the challengesassociated with implementing new technologies. The study is based on a detailed analysis of computerequipment utilized in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, within a unit of a centralgovernment agency operating in the areas of safety and defence. The findings highlight ways in whichoutdated technological solutions and inefficient administrative processes can negatively affect statefunctions.. The article emphasizes the importance of improving workplace ergonomics, modernizingIT tools, and conducting training programmes as fundamental steps in optimizing publicadministration processes. . The study underscores the necessity of adopting a multifaceted approachto modernizing public administration, considering technological, organizational, and human factors.Investments in modern IT infrastructure, ergonomic workplace environments, and processoptimization not only enhance employee productivity but also build public trust in transparent andresponsive institutions. This comprehensive strategy is critical for developing an efficiente-government system.