The aim of this article is to present the operation of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in Łódźand to analyze its potential impact on changes in objective road traffic safety in urban transport. Datafrom the years 2007–2023 concerning the number of road accidents, fatalities, and injuries wereexamined. The research findings indicate a significant decrease in traffic incidents following theimplementation of the ITS: the annual average number of accidents has decreased from 1784.67 to1225.62 (t = 4.07; p = 0.0039), fatalities declined from 38.00 to 18.50 (t = 5.24; p = 0.0003), and thenumber of injured persons was reduced from 2186.89 to 1464.25 (t = 3.95; p = 0.0044), with verylarge effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 2.0). Although a downward trend was also observed at the nationallevel, the changes in Łódź were more pronounced and stable. This may suggest a beneficial effect ofthe ITS as a contributing factor supporting the improvement of objective traffic safety.

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of operational risk in the context of cooperation between the State Fire Service and the Military Fire Protection Service. Drawing on a review of relevant literature, an analysis of normative documents, and empirical research conducted among officers of both formations, the study identifies key threat areas that affect the effectiveness of rescue operations. Particular attention is devoted to issues of coordination, communication, resource availability and operational readiness. The article also presents proposals for remedial actions that could be implemented to enhance institutional resilience and improve the efficiency of inter-service cooperation. Overall the study contributes to the development of a systemic approach to risk management within public safety and national defence structures.

This article addresses the issue of cyber threats to children and adolescents in the context of theireveryday online activity. It explores the phenomenon and the most common forms of risk, such asharmful online content, cyberbullying, exposure to pornography, sexting, and emotionalmanipulation. Special attention is given to the role of the family in safeguarding the digital safety ofyoung users. Referring to B. Harwas-Napierała’s concept of parental competence, the importance ofparental engagement, communication and trust-based relationships is emphasized. The empiricalsection presents the results of a study conducted among high school students regarding theirexperiences with online threats and their perception of parental attitudes and protective strategies.The findings indicate a significant correlation between parental behaviours and children’s sense ofdigital safety and highlight the need to support families in the process of digital education.

This paper presents an analysis of interventions implemented by the National Firefighting andRescue System (NFRS) units during Medical Rescue Operations (MRO) with particular emphasis onthe use of mental support procedure. Observations of quantitative data pertained to interventions ofNRFS units based on data from the Decision Support System (DSS) from the period of 2014–2023.The databases include: total number of interventions, breakdown into fires and local threats, dailyand monthly summaries, implementation of qualified first aid (QFA) procedures, reasons forinterventions, operational times, participation of forces (firefighters and cooperating personnel) andresources (equipment, transport, materials, extinguishing agents). In the years under observation,the number of interventions of NFRS entities totalled 5.14 million. Results shows a statisticallysignificant upward trend in mental health support for injured and vulnerable people (P<0.001).Implementation of the procedure for psychological support of injured and at-risk persons dependedon the location of the incident, i.e. it was most often performed in transport means (P<0.001). TheState Fire Service (SFS) is the main service cooperating with medical units. Psychological support isone of the more commonly used procedures in Medical Rescue Operations (MRO).

The article presents an analysis of issues related to the behaviour of criminals that affect the activitiesperformed by police officers. The study seeks to clarify the extent and impact of negative influencesand to highlight the role of phenomena observed within the police environment. The researchproblem was formulated as the following question: How does behaviour of criminals affect theprotective actions of a police officer? The instance was made by preparing detailed problems in theform of questions: How do criminals affect the actions of a police officer? What types of behavioursinfluence the change of decision by them? How does improper performance of tasks translate intothe performance of police duties?In analyzing the selected areas, the roles and functions of police officers were outlined. The socialposition of the police was discussed in terms of their socio-professional role. Particular emphasis wasplaced on the performance of duties imposed on police officers, especially in the context of adherenceto legal and moral norms, as well as appropriate behaviour in the structure of society. An importantissue in the process of influencing the actions of police officers has been identified, namely theaetiology of criminal behaviour, which is conditioned by factors contributing to improper conduct.Taking into account the point of view of society, who believes that such activities should not occur,reference was made to the lack of mental resilience and the essence of threats. The content alsoaddresses interpersonal communication, emphasizing the limitations and emerging barriers thatmake it difficult for the police to communicate with the social environment. The publication aims toemphasize the essence and complexity of the issue in the context of interpreting behaviour ofcriminals that affects the implementation of police activities.

This article addresses the multifaceted issue of combating drug addiction, beginning with thechallenge of accurately defining the term “drug” and progressing to an analysis of legal models forprosecuting possession of psychoactive substances – specifically, the choice between legalism andopportunism. It examines the classification system adopted by the legislature and explores alternativemethods of categorizing drugs. Particular attention is given to the regulation introduced by thePolish Minister of Health on August 17, 2018, which lists psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs,and new psychoactive substances based on chemical structure models. The problem of drug addictionis considered not only from a criminal law perspective, but also through the lens of neuroscience,which recognizes addiction as a chronic, complex disease marked by lasting neurobiological changes.

Large-scale power outages, known as blackouts, pose a significant threat to national energy security and the operational continuity of key infrastructure systems. Current conditions – including geopolitical conflicts, the energy transition, and cyber threats – have increased the likelihood of such events occurring in Poland. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and awareness among Polish citizens regarding the risk of blackouts, as well as their preparedness for such crises. The research problem focused on finding whether Polish society is sufficiently informed and prepared to respond effectively in the event of a large-scale power outage. The working hypothesis assumed that while citizens may be aware of the general threat, their actual preparedness and knowledge of appropriate response measures remain insufficient. This article presents the results of a survey conducted among 125 respondents, analyzing their understanding of blackout risks, perceived threat level, practical readiness, and interest in educational resources. The vast majority of participants reported being aware of the blackout phenomenon and perceived its occurrence in Poland as a realistic possibility. However, their preparatory actions were often selective and inadequate. The findings highlight a pressing need for the development of accessible and practical educational materials. This study provides valuable insights into the current state of public preparedness and can support future educational and systemic planning efforts.

In practical open channel hydraulics, critical flow relationships play a crucial role in understandingand analyzing flow conditions. The critical depth for a given cross section for a constant flow rate iscalculated on the basis of the specific energy concept, which was first introduced by Bakhmeteff in1912. The section in the water channel where critical flow occurs and the subcritical flow passes intosupercritical flow is often used in hydraulic calculations as the control section. The article presentssome practical aspects and considerations related to the relationships between depth, velocity head,and specific energy for critical flow in typical cross-sections of open channels, as well as thedependence of these elements in rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, power-law and circular crosssectionsof channels. In the case of rectangular cross sections, asymmetric triangular cross sectionsor cross sections described by a power function, it is necessary to prove that there are constantalgebraic relations, independent of the flow rate, for the critical depth. In trapezoidal, circular, ornatural cross sections, for which there are no explicit dependencies for the critical depth, thecalculated values of relationship between the critical depth, the height of the critical velocity and theenergy head are not constant and tend to vary with the width of the cross-section and the flow rate.The article presents characteristic values between the critical depth, the height of the critical velocity,and the energy head for trapezoidal and circular cross sections.

Recently, ionic liquids have been studied intensively as potential flame retardants for polymers.Ionic liquids (ILs) are compounds completely composed of ions with melting point below 100C.Given the set of tuneable properties, ILs are used in a wide range of applications, including organicsynthesis, analysis, extraction and separation processes, high-temperature lubricants, heat-transferfluids, and thermal energy storage.ILs have emerged as a new option for fire safety applications. The review presents recent developmentsin the use of ionic liquids (ILs) for designing polymer materials endowed with enhanced flameretardancy. The fire properties of polymers being reviewed are reactions to small flames (limitingoxygen index, vertical burning test) and cone calorimetry. The fire properties measured in the conecalorimeter are discussed, including heat release rate and smoke production. The possible flameretardance mechanisms of ionic liquids are discussed.

Disability, regardless of its type and degree, significantly affects an individual's life situation and relationship with the society. A key determinant of these relations is social attitudes, which are often based on stereotypes and prejudices. This article examines mechanisms of the formation of such attitudes and their consequences for the safety and protection of the rights of people on the autism spectrum. It focuses in particular on cases of discrimination, violence and exclusion and the effectiveness of existing legal regulations. Also relevant to the analysis is the importance of public education and its role in breaking down negative thought patterns, as well as the impact of cognitive dissonance theory on reducing prejudice.The article is based on a review of empirical research on social attitudes toward people with ASD, an analysis of legal acts and available reports on the situation of autistic people in Poland and in Europe. The main social and legal barriers limiting their participation in education, the labour market and public space are also indicated. The conclusion emphasizes the need for systemic changes with respect to legal protection and activities aimed at shaping positive social attitudes towards people with disabilities.