Tanralili Sub-Watershed is the upstream of the Maros watershed which experiences land problems in the form of erosion and sedimentation. The Tanralili Sub-Watershed is a water catchment area that serve as a source of clean water for the Eastern and Northern regions of Makassar. This Sub-Watershed continously experience land use changes in sedimentation rate and as a result decrease the water discharge of the Lekopancing Dam (downstream of the Tanralili Sub-Watershed) from 1000 liters/second to 200 liters/second. Therefore, research related to sedimentation rates in the Tanralili Sub-Watershed is needed to obtain information on the sedimentation rate that occurs. This study used SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tools), a hydrological modeling that calculates sedimentation rates. SWAT procedures are divided into 4 processes, namely delineation, generation of Hydrological Response Unit (HRU), data processing and model simulation. For the procedures, the data input are slope condition, soil type, land cover, and rainfall intensity. The results showed that the accumulation of sediment for 10 years in the Tanralili Sub-Watershed reach 7,618.85 tons/ha/year from 41 Sub-Sub-Watersheds. The highest sediment rate occurs in Sub-Sub-Watersheds number 26, 27, and 38 which are dominated by dryland agricultural land cover and rice fields located on slopes of 25-45%. Meanwhile, the smallest sediment rate occurs in Sub-Sub-Watershed 9 which is dominated by forest land cover which is on a slope of 15-25%.

Water is a critical resource for human life, agriculture, and industry, yet Thailand continues to face recurring challenges such as floods, droughts, and water pollution, which highlight the urgent need for an integrated and sustainable water management system. This study aims to examine water management, the central legal framework governing water allocation, utilization, development, maintenance, restoration, conservation, and water rights (Water Resources Act, B.E. 2561. 2018). The research also seeks to identify gaps in the current legal measures and propose guidelines for sustainable water resource management in Thailand. The research used a documentary methodology, which involved a systematic analysis of key legal instruments, government strategic plans, and relevant academic literature on water resource governance and policy implementation. Despite the Water Resources Act introducing crucial mechanisms, such as water licensing systems, usage fees, and avenues for public engagement through water user organizations, the study found that significant operational challenges persist. These issues specifically include the ambiguous roles and overlapping responsibilities among governmental agencies, a strong tendency toward centralized decision-making, and insufficient economic incentives to encourage efficient water consumption. The findings underscore the critical need to embed strong governance principles and ensure genuine community involvement to enhance both the legal effectiveness and the long-term sustainability of the sector. For Thailand to achieve enduring water security, the immediate focus must be on fortifying existing legal frameworks, accelerating the enactment of essential secondary legislation, and cultivating participatory governance. Ultimately, raising public awareness of the actual value of water and instituting market-based incentives for responsible use are vital steps toward sustainable water resource management.

In this study, the ability of pistachio shells, as an unconventional adsorbent, to recover thallium cations from contaminated aqueous solutions was investigated. To achieve the objective of the study, practical experiments were conducted using a batch-mode adsorption unit under various operating conditions. The results obtained showed that the pistachio shells have the ability to remove thallium cations with a high efficiency exceeding 86% at room temperature. The results indicated that the maximum treatment efficiency was achieved at values of 7, 350 rpm, 86 ppm, 5 g, 150 min of pH, agitation speed, initial concentration of thallium, dosage of pistachio shell used, and contact time, respectively. Morphological results confirmed that the adsorbed pistachio shells suffered significant changes compared to the virgin shells, as SEM examination showed that the accumulation of thallium cations in their pores led to the formation of a heterogeneous layer of metal particles. On the other hand, adsorption resulted in the consumption of functional groups, according to FT-IR analysis, while the remaining surface area after adsorption was less than 5% of the original surface area.

The Dee Investigation Simulation Program for Regulating Network (DISPRIN) model is a type of lumped model. This model has 25 parameters whose values are continuous so that it is difficult to apply to solve practical problems. This study aims to improve the performance of DISPRIN so that it is effective and applicable to generate historical discharge data series in a watershed. The combination of the simulation equation system from the DISPRIN model with the parameter optimization method based on the metaheuristic method is expected to produce a new model that is able to carry out the calibration process automatically so that the model becomes easy to apply. The metaheuristic methods involved are: Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm, Particle Swam Optimization (PSO), synthesis of chaotic search-opposition based learning-differential evolution-quantum mechanism (CODEQ) algorithm, and Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE). The new models produced are then called the DISPRIN-de, DISPRIN-pso, DISPRIN-sce, and DISPRINcodeq models. All models were tested in Lesti watershed (314.19 Km2), Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The model calibration stage using hydroclimatology data from 2006 to 2014 showed that all models had an accuracy level equivalent to NSE ranging from 0.892 to 0.931, and the model validation stage using hydroclimatology data from 2014 to 2020 produced NSE values ranging from 0.918 to 0.928. The discharge distribution curve involving all generated discharges showed that the DISPRIN-codeq model was more accurate than the other three models which tended to overestimate high flow events.

El Niño-induced warming in the central and eastern Pacific often triggers droughts and deteriorates freshwater quality across Southeast Asia, including Malaysia. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of El Niño and Northeast Monsoon dynamics on river water quality and their implications for freshwater cage aquaculture in the Pahang River. Specifically, it examines three 2023 climatic phases: (1) the Northeast Monsoon (January–March), (2) the El Niño period (April–October), and (3) their combined period (November–December). Monthly sampling across multiple sites (n = 96) was conducted to assess key water quality parameters. During the Northeast Monsoon (Jan–Mar 2023), all measured parameters remained within optimal ranges for freshwater fish, except phosphate levels (0.22 ± 0.11 mg/L). During the El Niño phase (Apr–Oct 2023), mean river temperature rose by 3 °C (28 ± 1 °C) with unionized ammonia at 0.013 ± 0.01 mg/L. The combined El Niño–Northeast Monsoon period (Nov–Dec 2023) demonstrated significant degradation in water quality: total suspended solids reached a maximum of 151.5 ± 93.2 mg/L, and ammonia concentrations increased to 1.08 ± 0.49 mg/L, while temperature fluctuated between 26 °C and 30 °C. These alterations adversely affect fish health by reducing dissolved oxygen levels and elevating nitrogen toxicity. The results highlight the considerable challenges that El Niño poses to the sustainability of aquaculture operations in the Pahang River. The implementation of effective mitigation strategies is imperative to protect the aquaculture sector in the region from climate-induced impacts.

Uzbekistan, an arid region in Central Asia, faces significant challenges due to water scarcity and climate change, which jeopardize agricultural productivity and food security. The average air temperature in the Bukhara region, a key agricultural area, increased by 1.18 ℃ from 1941–1985 to 1986–2020. This necessitates the urgent adoption of sustainable water conservation practices. This research aimed to assess the impact of climate change on the Bukhara region’s water resources, conduct hydromodule zoning of irrigated lands using GIS technology, and develop optimized parameters for water-saving irrigation technologies, specifically drip and sprinkler systems, for key crops like cotton and winter wheat.The study utilized B.A. Dospehov’s multifactorial method, SPSS, and ArcGIS software. Hydromodule zoning maps were created by integrating data on groundwater and soil mechanical composition. In medium sandy soils, optimized drip irrigation for cotton, with droppers consuming 1.8 l/h spaced 30 cm apart along 90 cm rows, was irrigated 14 times per season with a total rate of 3563 m3/ha. This technique yielded 46,300–46,500 kg/ha and achieved a water saving of 32–36% compared to conventional methods. For winter wheat, sprinkler irrigation with pre-irrigation soil moisture kept at 70–80–65% of limited field moisture capacity resulted in a grain yield of 66,700 kg/ha. This method, irrigated 12 times a season, saved 2194 m3/ha of water, or 42% less compared to furrow irrigation. The findings underscore the potential of advanced irrigation technologies to enhance water efficiency and crop productivity under arid conditions, providing scientific recommendations for sustainable water-energy-agricultural food production

The study examines the current technogenic pressures affecting the Tobyl River basin and provides a scientific rationale for developing effective mitigation strategies. The introduction outlines the growing ecological risks in the region and the need for a systematic assessment of technogenic loads. The rationale of the study is based on identifying the main sources, types, and intensity of anthropogenic impacts to better understand their environmental consequences. Results show that technogenic loads consist of 40% chemical, 25% physical, 15% biological, and 10% mechanical factors, with industry, agriculture, and transport generating up to 80% of the total pressure on the ecosystem. The ecological impact analysis highlights significant risks to water quality, biodiversity, and resource sustainability. The study discusses the potential effectiveness of modern engineering solutions, including advanced environmental monitoring systems capable of reducing harmful waste by up to 30%, and improving water resource efficiency by 25%. The integration of renewable energy sources could decrease CO₂ emissions by 20%, while the establishment of recycling facilities may process up to 20,000 tons of waste annually. In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of engineeringbased optimization, waste management, and continuous monitoring to enhance ecological stability in the Tobyl River basin. Future research should focus on developing predictive ecological models, assessing climate-related risks, and evaluating long-term socio-economic benefits of sustainable technologies. The proposed solutions offer a practical framework for strengthening environmental safety and promoting sustainable regional development.

The purpose of this study to evaluate the influence of industrial wastewater pollution in the Sohar Industrial Port (SIP) with a particular focus on the presence heavy metals. It aims to highlight the urgent need to balance between economic development and environmental sustainability, urging stricter regulations and improved monitoring systems to protect both the local community and the surrounding ecosystem. This research investigates the environmental and public health effects resulting from industrial activities in the SIP area. The methodology included both primary and secondary data collection to obtain a comprehensive understanding of industrial wastewater pollution in the region. Primary data were collected through the sampling and laboratory analysis of wastewater from SIP. Samples were collected quarterly, specifically in June, September, and December, to monitor seasonal variations. The findings showed heavy metals are health hazards where there were some metals level exceeding the WHO standards, these results considered as risks alarm and has to work on to mitigate its bad effects on the human health. The presence of these pollutants not only threatens the environment but also poses a significant risk to human health. Immediate action is necessary to mitigate these effects and to promote sustainable industrial practices in the area.

Ajkwa Estuary, located in Mimika Regency, Central Papua Province, Indonesia, represents a dynamic and biodiverse ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in providing ecosystem services. However, like many estuarine systems globally, the intensification of its use has led to significant environmental challenges. The estuary is particularly susceptible to ecosystem alterations caused by accelerated sedimentation from undeposited tailings originating from mining operations. This study investigates the novel approach to sedimentation area management involving the construction and deployment of estuarine structures, including Geotube and Bamboo E-Groins, to confine sedimentation within designated zones. These interventions aim to manage the land formation, facilitate mangrove colonization, enhancing the estuary’s capacity for water conservation and carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation measure. Empirical findings demonstrate that the implementation of 2,700-meter-long Geotube structures and 2,800-meter-long bamboo E-Groins effectively increased sediment deposition to a depth of 0.74 meters, creating optimal conditions for mangrove establishment. Mangrove seedlings introduced to the newly formed sedimentary zones exhibited a survival rate of 99%. Carbon sequestration potential was quantified for the 500-hectare mangrove-assisted colonization area, with results indicating an atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration capacity of 422,272.08 tons CO2 equivalent, corresponding to 115,374.88 tons of stored carbon. Projections for a 50,000-hectare expansion of mangrove colonization suggest a total carbon stock of 3,953,566.77 tons, equivalent to the sequestration of 14,470,054.36 tons CO2.

Jordan faces a critical water shortage driven by rapid and uncontrolled population growth, regional instability, and the escalating impacts of climate change. Over the past century, the country has undergone a profound transformation in water resources management. This paper examines the evolution of Jordan’s water policy from a management and sustainability perspective, emphasizing its alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6): ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Through a qualitative review of legislative documents, national strategies, and academic sources, the study traces key milestones, including the establishment of the Central Water Authority, the Water Authority of Jordan, and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The analysis reveals how adaptive management, integrated water resources management (IWRM) principles, and policy innovation have transitioned Jordan from fragmented to collaborative governance. Despite persistent scarcity, these reforms have strengthened institutional capacity, governance efficiency, and stakeholder coordination, advancing national progress toward SDG 6 and offering valuable insights for policymakers in other arid regions facing similar water security challenges.