This study explores how vaccination, immune memory, and long-term immunity shape the transmission dynamics of measles by developing a fractional-order mathematical model. Caputo-Fabrizio fractional-order SEITR-VL model is formulated, in which population is divided into susceptible, exposed, infectious, treated, recovered, vaccinated, and lifelong immunity classes. The model incorporates memory effects so that past disease and immunity states can influence current transmission behavior. Basic mathematical properties such as positivity, boundedness, and the existence of solutions are verified. The effective reproduction number is derived using the next-generation matrix approach, and numerical solutions are obtained through the Laplace-Adomian Decomposition Method. Numerical experiments showed that increasing vaccination coverage, as well as improving recovery rates, leads to a clear decline in infection levels. In addition, the fractional-order structure introduces memory effects that moderate sharp epidemic peaks and slow the overall spread of the disease, resulting in smoother outbreak patterns. Since some parameters are not estimated from data, these findings are interpreted mainly at a qualitative level. The results emphasize the importance of vaccination and immune memory in controlling measles transmission. While the fractional-order framework provides a useful way to capture long-term and memory-dependent effects, further validation using real epidemiological data would be necessary for predictive or policy-oriented applications.

Dry bubble disease, attributed to the filamentous fungus Lecanicillium fungicola (Cordycipitaceae) results in huge yield losses in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation worldwide. The possibilities for controlling the disease using commercial fungicides are highly limited, and therefore, there is an increasing demand for novel, alternative means of pest management. Our research objective was the comprehensive examination of viruses in the causal agents of dry bubble disease, which may open up an avenue for its virocontrol in the future. Out of 57 fungal isolates obtained from dry bubble-affected A. bisporus crops in various countries, 47 (82%) were confirmed by ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequence analysis as L. fungicola. In addition, different members of the genera Akanthomyces and Simplicillium (7 and 3 isolates, respectively), yet unknown to cause dry bubble symptoms, have also been detected. Cellulose column chromatography revealed the presence of double-stranded (ds) RNA in seven L. fungicola and three Akanthomyces sp. isolates, suggesting viral infection. The ten dsRNA-positive and eight randomly selected dsRNA-negative fungal strains were subjected to rRNA-depletion high-throughput RNA-sequencing analysis. The presence of seven new viruses representing four new species in the established families, Partitiviridae, Polymycoviridae, Botourmiaviridae and the narna-like virus group, and three previously established/proposed species in the families Chrysoviridae and "Mycovirgaviridae" were confirmed. The impact of the detected and identified viruses on their host fungi, and their potential applicability for virocontrol purposes will be examined in the future. This study provides the first detailed report on viruses of mushroom pathogenic fungi.