ABSTRACT This comparative historiographical analysis explores how scholars have interpreted the motivations behind major slave rebellions across diverse cultures and eras. Focusing on five landmark uprisings—Spartacus’s Rebellion, the Zanj Revolt, the Haitian Revolution, the Malê Revolt, and the Amistad Rebellion–the study reveals that while the drive for freedom may be universal, the meaning and pursuit of that freedom vary dramatically. The essay evaluates evolving scholarly perspectives, showing how the motives for rebellion are shaped by cultural, religious, and social contexts. Recent scholarship challenges simplistic views of rebellion, reinterpreting many uprisings as calculated wars rather than mere acts of desperation. By analyzing key historians such as Bradley, Popovic, James, Reis, and Rediker, the paper demonstrates that slave resistance is complex, strategic, and often rooted in indigenous or transatlantic martial traditions. This essay contributes to global historiography by illuminating how enslaved peoples envision liberty, not as a singular ideal, but as a contextually defined aspiration.

ABSTRACT The digitization of historic sites and artifacts is increasingly popular for museums and cultural heritage sites, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the struggles associated with the survival of cultural institutions during lockdown. These digitization efforts allow for increased access to cultural heritage objects and sites and increased potential engagement opportunities. But how should researchers and cultural heritage professionals digitize historical cemeteries, especially within the confines of the current sociopolitical climate? Many ethical concerns must be addressed by digital public mortuary projects, including how to decolonize these often very colonial spaces to promote inclusivity. Gravemarkers, as memorials to the dead, and cemeteries, as inclusive and exclusive spaces, are of special consideration in this discourse. The Institute for Digital Exploration (IDEx) at the University of South Florida presents two case studies in digitizing historical cemeteries: Tolomato Cemetery in St. Augustine, Florida, and Burial Hill Cemetery in Plymouth, Massachusetts. These projects utilized terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry to preserve gravemarkers and tombs in the wake of destructive events and in an effort to record, preserve, and conserve these finite archaeological resources. Digital collections have been launched on the IDEx website that allow testing of standardized methods of gravestone digitization. These two case studies serve as examples for digital public mortuary archaeology projects that seek to similarly document and preserve historic cemeteries in terms of community engagement, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data dissemination, and ethical considerations.

ABSTRACT Following the late-fourteenth-century demise of al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Barqūq, the founder of the Circassian mamlūk dynasty, the Ẓāhiriyya mamlūks assumed control. The authority of his successor al-Nāṣir Faraj was undermined by a series of political, economic and military challenges to the Egyptian-Syrian state. Egypt and Syria were afflicted by a period of internal strife. However, in understanding this instability historiography overlooks the nature of the Mamlūk state. The Mamlūk period witnessed civil war among the amirs for nearly three centuries, but conflict between the Mamlūk factions made the state dynamic rather than weak. If the environment of inter-factional struggle in previous periods is ignored, however, it will not be understood how this dynamic structure worked or how order could emerge from chaos. This article argues that the conflict between Mamlūk factions was not indicative of chaos but of order. The instability in Egypt-Syria was caused by intra-factional struggle rather than inter-factional conflicts: The main difference of the al-Nāṣir Faraj period from the Bahrī period is the absence of various Mamlūk factions. This study argues that in the early years of al-Nāṣir Faraj, the Ẓāhiriyya mamlūks plunged the state into chaos due to intra-factional conflict. This destabilized not only Syria but Egypt as well. The first part of al-Nāṣir Faraj’s reign was shaken by both internal strife among the amirs and external threats such as Timur’s attacks. Analyzing historical events based on primary sources, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the oligarchic tendencies in the Mamlūks, the struggles among the amirs, and the leadership structure in the Mamlūk world.

ABSTRACT This essay is an overview and analysis of the policies of the Soviet authorities toward the female population of the Korean peninsula, and the measures that the Soviet leaders used to support women’s equality in North Korea during the immediate post-World-War-Two period. The main source of information of this work are archival materials available at the Institute for the Historical Study of Korea university and publications by Russian and other scholars. The methodological approach of the essay is comparative historical and hermeneutical.

ABSTRACT Early research into what motivated Theodor Herzl’s political Zionism attributed Herzl’s conversion to Zionism to the Dreyfus affair. The minority’s opinion, which is currently the prevailing viewpoint, argued that his conversion was affected by other significant influences: The rise of anti-Semitism in Vienna (and other parts of Europe), or conceivably a life-long process of self-realization that merely culminated by the Dreyfus affair. Herzl’s Political Zionism took fifteen years to surface; its birth, however, emerged with determination and unusual vision. This article provides a window into the historical background leading to Theodore Herzl’s political activism.

ABSTRACT Through an examination of four newspapers of the nineteenth-century Irish press at home and abroad, this essay investigates the depiction of women within the dichotomy of the archetypes of proper women, who conformed to Victorian ideas of femininity, and reprobate woman, who did not. It argues that each paper characterized the ideal and reprobate woman based upon their overall ideology. All papers ascribed to traditional Victorian notions of femininity, regardless of their stance on nationalism or other issues, but the particulars differed.