ABSTRACT Purpose Suppression is the cortical inhibition of visual information from one eye. This scoping review identifies and collates the different methods, techniques, and tools used to measure and quantify suppression in the clinical management of amblyopia. Methods PRISMAScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses – Scoping Reviews) guidelines were followed to include peer-reviewed papers that describe methods to quantify suppression in patients with amblyopia. Results From 75 included papers, results show that suppression quantification is feasible in children as young as 3-years old. Only three randomized clinical trials have used suppression as a quantified outcome measure. Methodologies are broadly categorized by target size, electrophysiology, or contrast. Common clinical tools are primarily size-based (e.g. the worth four-dot test at varying distances) or contrast-based (e.g. neutral density filters). Conversely, most experimental assessments are software-driven contrast-based paradigms such as dichoptic motion coherence tests. Conclusion Clinical implementation of suppression quantification remains limited. However, available clinical tools for quantifying suppression on a fine-graded continuous scale are minimal. Such finer tools for the quantification of suppression are used in lab-based research and are yet to be made commercially available. Future studies should focus on developing better clinical tools for quantifying suppression.

ABSTRACT Introduction Lens-induced uveitis is an adaptive, immune-mediated reaction to lens proteins that are exposed to the anterior chamber. Although uncommon, its clinical presentation and management remain variable, and no standardized care algorithm exists. We aim to review the clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for lens-induced uveitis as reported in the literature. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Scopus databases up to October 31, 2025. Results Twenty-nine studies encompassing 252 eyes were included. Most cases (82.54%) involved a disrupted lens capsule, consistent with the central role of crystallin exposure in triggering a phacogenic inflammatory response. At final follow-up, 64.69% of eyes had a visual acuity of light perception or worse. Surgical removal of lens material was the predominant definitive treatment, and earlier intervention in more recent reports appeared associated with better visual outcomes. Discussion Lens-induced uveitis remains a vision-threatening condition largely driven by delayed diagnosis and persistent exposure to lens-derived antigens. Early clinical recognition and timely surgical removal of antigenic material are essential to avoid irreversible inflammatory damage. Improved awareness of its characteristic clinical features may support earlier intervention and better visual outcomes.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the clinical features of vemurafenib-induced uveitis and to provide clinical evidence for diagnosis and treatment. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and collected clinical reports on vemurafenib-induced uveitis by searching Chinese and English databases up to January 31, 2026. Clinical data were extracted and descriptive analysis was conducted. Results A total of 33 patients were collected, with a median age of 58 years (range 14,81). The median occurrence time of uveitis was 6 months (range 0.75, 48), with ocular redness (37.39%) and blurry vision (34.5%) as the main symptoms. Uveitis mainly involved bilateral eyes (87.9%), mainly anterior uveitis (60.6%). Optical coherence tomography examination can show normal (25.9%) and macular edema (51.9%). After discontinuing vemurafenib and receiving local, topical and/or systemic steroids, the patient’s symptoms gradually improved. Conclusion Patients taking vemurafenib are recommended to undergo ophthalmic monitoring. During treatment, clinicians should be alert to the potential for uveitis, particularly if patients develop ocular redness and visual impairment. While the optimal treatment regimen for vemurafenib-induced uveitis is not established, topical, local, and/or systemic steroids continue to be the primary treatment approach.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate long-term intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications (AGMs), and success after phacoemulsification combined with XEN-45 implantation (Phaco+XEN-45), and to compare these outcomes between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG). Methods This retrospective study included 30 patients (30 eyes; 17 POAG, 13 PEXG) who underwent Phaco+XEN-45 implantation. IOP, number of AGMs, postoperative interventions, complete or qualified surgical success (IOP of 5–18 mmHg with AGMs or independent of AGMs, respectively), and failure (failure to achieve qualified success) were evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years postoperatively and at the final follow-up. Results The median IOP at baseline was 20.5 (14.8–26.5) mmHg and decreased to 16.0 (14.8–17.3) mmHg at 5 years. The median number of AGMs decreased from 3.0 (2.0–3.3) at baseline to 2.0 (0.0–2.3) at 5-year, presenting a significant reduction at all follow-up time points (p < .001). The median IOP did not differ between POAG and PEXG during follow-up, whereas PEXG required more AGMs at 1 and 2 years (p = .048 and p = .031, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed complete success rates of 60% and 36% and qualified success rates of 100% and 96%, at 1 and 5 years, respectively; with 70% qualified success rate at 8 years. Long-term success did not differ between the POAG and PEXG groups. Conclusion Phaco+XEN-45 implantation offers a significant reduction in AGMs and a marked decrease in IOP, with an acceptable long-term efficacy and safety profile. The similarity in the success rates of POAG and PEXG suggests that Phaco+XEN-45 is a feasible and safe option for both types of glaucoma with appropriate patient selection and effective postoperative bleb modulation.

ABSTRACT Purpose We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of ocular complications associated with orbital fractures in a large cohort of patients. Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed the medical records of 1416 consecutive orbital fracture patients treated at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan between March 2009 and April 2025. Fracture characteristics, causes of injury, and the frequency of ocular complications were assessed via clinical records and associated computed tomography scan images. The factors associated with ocular complications were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Ocular complications occurred in 9.5% of the cases, with traumatic mydriasis, hyphema, and commotio retinae being the most common. Multivariate logistic regression identified sports-related injury (OR,2.19; 95% CI, 1.73–2.77, p < .01), male sex (OR,1.51; 95% CI, 1.12–2.03, p < .01), non-trapdoor fracture (OR,1.34; 95% CI, 1.01–1.80, p < .05), combined medial wall and orbital floor fractures (OR,1.32; 95% CI, 1.05–1.67, p = .02) and zygomatic or maxilla bone fracture (OR,1.34; 95% CI, 1.00–1.79, p < .05) as independent predictors of ocular complications. Sports-related injury, particularly those associated with golf and baseball, showed the highest rate of ocular complications, with golf-related orbital fractures resulting in a 100% complication rate and baseball-related orbital fractures resulting in a 38.1% complication rate. Conclusion Sports-related injuries, male sex, non-trapdoor fractures, combined medial wall and orbital floor fractures and zygomatic or maxilla bone fracture are risk factors for ocular complications. Golf and baseball related orbital fractures are associated with a particularly high incidence of ocular complications, and urgent ophthalmologic examination is warranted in these cases.