The aim of this study was to analyze current data on the role of vitaminDincognitivefunctions and academic performance of schoolchildren. Materials and Methods. The review included publications from2019–2025indexedinPubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (Q1–Q2), focusing on the prevalence of vitaminDdeficiencyand its impact on children’s cognitive development. Results. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmission,and the formation of neuronal connections. Deficiency has been associated with impairedmemory,attention, and behavior in children. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis Damong schoolchildrenremains high even in sunny countries, including regions of Central Asia. Several studies demonstrateda correlation between low 25(OH)D levels and poorer academic outcomes. Conclusion. Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels in schoolchildren canbe consideredapotential measure to improve cognitive functions and academic performance. Further randomizedcontrolled trials are required. Keywords: vitamin D, cognitive functions, learning, children, academic performance.

Objective. To evaluate the ef ectiveness of comprehensive medical and social rehabilitationinpatients with progressive muscular dystrophies and to identify main challenges in its implementation. Materials and methods. The study included 90 patients with various forms of progressivemuscular dystrophies. Methods used were clinical-neurological examination, electromyography,functional spirometry, patient and caregiver questionnaires, and medical record analysis. Toassessrehabilitation ef ectiveness, MRC scale, 6-minute walk test, and quality of life questionnaires(SF-36,PedsQL) were applied. Results. Most patients (75.6%) had disease onset in childhood, less frequently in youngadulthood(25.6%) and middle age (5.6%). Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy manifestedexclusivelyinchildhood, Erb–Roth dystrophy predominantly in childhood, and scapuloperoneal–facial dystrophyevenly in childhood and young adulthood. Rehabilitation led to increased muscle strength(MRC+12–15%), 6-minute walk distance (+12–18%), and improved quality of life in physical, emotional, andsocialdomains (+17–24%). Conclusion. Early disease onset and marked functional impairments requiretimelycomprehensive rehabilitation. Medical and social rehabilitation programs enhance musclestrength,endurance, and quality of life, particularly when applied regularly and in an individualizedmanner.

The article discusses the results of a study of a number of grain quality indicators (starch content, protein, and others) in ancient varieties of soft wheat of Pamir origin. It has been shown that the studied varieties differ from each other depending on their genotypic characteristics and their response to environmental factors. Also, varieties were noted that differed positively in the content of protein and starch in the grain, and they can be used in genetic breeding work. Key words: wheat, seeds, germination, ear structure elements, biometric analysis.

This article summarizes the biological activity of 2-bromo-6-(para-tolyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazole derivatives in silico conditions using molecular docking. The results of thepredictedbioactive properties of the obtained compounds showed that most of the hybrid compoundsexhibitedhigh antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A study of the interactions of derivatives of this heterocycle with amino acids of thetargetprotein cyclopropanase CmaA1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showed that someofthesecompounds interacted with a large number of these amino acids through van der Waals, hydrogen,carbon-hydrogen, donor-acceptor, sigma, sulfide-amide, and other bonds: withtyrosine(72),glutamine (69), and glycine (134) via sigma bonds; with amino acids such as valine (9), leucine(90),tryptophan (120), glutamic acid (134), alanine (139), phenylalanine (141), etc., via the electronsofimidazothiadiazole, the tolyl group, the phenyl ring, and the sulfur atom. The obtaineddockingresultsindicate the antituberculosis properties of 2-bromo-6-(p-tolyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazolederivatives. Keywords: 6-p-tolyl imidazo[2,1.b][1,3,4]thiadiazole, biological substances, antituberculosis,antimicrobial bacteriostatic activity, bactericidal efficacy, heterobivalent ligand.

The article examines the key aspects of pedagogy, didactics, and andragogyasscientificfoundations that ensure the quality of future physicians’ training. The object of the study is thestructureof professional medical education, and the subject is the methodological and substantiveapproachesbased on pedagogical principles. The study substantiates the need for integrationof pedagogicalknowledge and skills into the process of training doctors, contributing to the development of clinicalthinking, communication, and ethical competence. The role of didactics and andragogyinshapingsustainable professional motivation and lifelong learning readiness is revealed. The authorsconcludethat pedagogical components must be institutionally strengthened within the medical educationsystem.Keywords: medical education, pedagogy, didactics, andragogy, professional training, teaching,competence approach.

The immune status of infants and young children with pneumonia and perinatal CNSdamageinthe late stages of development was studied. Secondary immune deficiency caused by impairedbrainregulatory mechanisms of the immune response was identified. Therefore, it is advisabletoprescribeimmunomodulators to these children in combination with pneumonia treatment. Conclusion. Clinical flow of pneumonia in children of early age characterizedbyheavyorexcessive heavy flows. In such patients considerably move encountered segmental and hearthconfluentforms of pneumonia and as the process of complication per morbid and frequently colddiseaseinanamnesis. There is significant immunological reaction in children during acute pneumoniawhichismanifested by insuf iciency of cellular and humeral stages of immunological reactions, whatwecharacterized as secondary immunodeficiency. Keywords: children, pneumonia, immune status.

ients with widespread purulent peritonitis and significant comorbid status. Material and methods. A retrospective study was conducted on 69 patients aged60to86years,admitted to the City Emergency Clinical Hospital. The patients were divided intotwogroups:laparotomy (n=48) and laparoscopy (n=21). Clinical and laboratory parameters, includingprocalcitonin, interleukin-6, GGT, and D-dimer levels, were monitored. Microbial contaminationofperitoneal exudate was assessed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Peritoneal lavage with oxygenatedsalineandlaparostomy application were used as part of treatment in the laparotomy group. Results. The laparotomy group demonstrated better clinical outcomes: a reductioninpurulentexudate volume by 87% on day 7, a decrease in procalcitonin levels by 82%, and lower mortality(12%vs. 19% in the laparoscopy group, p<0.05) [4, 6, 10]. Programmed peritoneal sanitationwasmoreeffective in the laparotomy group due to the possibility of laparostomy and adequate drainage. Conclusion. In elderly and senile patients with comorbid conditions and widespreadpurulentperitonitis, laparotomy remains the preferred surgical approach, providing more effectiveperitonealsanitation, infection control, and improved survival rates [5, 9, 11]. Keywords: purulent peritonitis, laparotomy, laparoscopy, elderly patients, comorbidity,peritoneal lavage, laparostomy, inflammatory markers, emergency surgery.

This article describes the stages of development of the phthisiatric service and the DepartmentofPhthisiopulmonology in the Republic of Tajikistan, provides information on the trainingof scientificpersonnel in phthisiology, pediatric phthisiology, leading anti-tuberculosis institutions, andthecontribution of postgraduate education. Keywords: Phthisiology, department, leading institutions, scientific achievements.

This article is devoted to the study of the causes of death of 31 children under 1 year of age at the Republican Center for Forensic Medicine of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of the morphological examination of internal organs were studied. It turned out that in 67.7% of cases the cause of death was respiratory disease, in second place was sepsis - 16.1% and in third place were congenital malformations - 9.7%. Among the deceased children, boys predominated – 19 (61.3%), girls accounted for 12 (38.7%). Toxicosis of pregnancy was diagnosed in 13 mothers, anemia in 5. Four women had a history of smoking, three women were noted to frequently consume alcohol even during pregnancy. Morphological changes showed changes in the respiratory system, brain, liver and kidneys. An example of a child’s sudden death from a respiratory disease is given. Key words: sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory system, morphology.