Introduction: The co-occurrence of depression and diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, represents a significant challenge in clinical practice due to its impact on both metabolic control and mental health management. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), are commonly used in managing depression, yet their effects on glycaemic control remain complex. Some antidepressants may influence insulin sensitivity, body weight, and glucose metabolism, thereby potentially complicating diabetes management. Literature review: The aim of this review was to examine the pharmacological treatment of depression in the context of diabetes, focusing on the effects of antidepressants on patients’ metabolic profile and clinical outcomes. We also discuss the impact of antidepressant therapy on quality of life, stress levels, and overall emotional well-being in diabetic patients, highlighting both the benefits and risks associated with pharmacological treatments. Results: Given the potential for both therapeutic benefits and adverse interactions, a careful, individualised approach is necessary to optimise treatment strategies for patients coping with both depression and diabetes.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among nursing students at the University of Palermo in Italy, and to identify factors associated with these symptoms. Material and methods: The study was carried out in April 2024. It utilised a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of nursing students at the University of Palermo and supplementary year students. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire was administered to assess the severity of anxiety symptoms. An ordered logistic regression was performed, with ‘anxious symptoms’ as the dependent variable, to evaluate the influence of the questionnaire’s variables. Results: Regarding the ordered logistic regression, the statistically significant aORs for the BAI test included: increasing age (aOR = 0.95), female gender (aOR = 2.67), being overweight (aOR = 0.63), advancing year of study, unemployment (aOR = 1.88), being a smoker (aOR = 1.87), perceiving an average or low state of health, lack of regular physical activity (aOR = 1.54), and experiencing sleep disturbances in the last two weeks (aOR = 2.60). Conclusions: Anxiety symptoms among nursing students represent a significant public health concern, with far-reaching implications for both student career success and patient care. By addressing the various factors contributing to anxiety among nursing students, educators, administrators, and healthcare professionals can develop tailored interventions to support student well-being and optimise learning outcomes.

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder frequently identified in childhood, marked by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, resulting in functional impairments across diverse life domains. This systematic review investigates the potential advantages of incorporating vitamin D supplementation as an adjunctive therapy for individuals with ADHD. Material and methods: The literature search from 2016 to 2024 using databases like PubMed and Google Scholar focused on studies with high methodological standards and precise ADHD diagnostic criteria. Results and discussion: The results indicate that vitamin D supplementation may improve ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. However, the optimal dosage and duration of supplementation remain unclear. While vitamin D appears well-tolerated and safe at studied doses, toxicity can occur with excessive intake. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation holds promise as a potentially beneficial adjunctive therapy for alleviating ADHD symptoms, demonstrating safety and tolerability at studied doses. However, further research is crucial to establish standardized protocols and ensure sustained safety and efficacy in the context of ADHD treatment.

Introduction: Nursing students face high academic and clinical pressures, which can trigger academic burnout. Previous studies have not identified negative (academic motivation and resilience) or positive (stress and perfectionism) factors with academic burnout. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stress level, perfectionism, academic motivation, and resilience with academic burnout in nursing students. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study employing a purposive sampling technique applied to 244 nursing students at Politeknik Negeri Subang (87.3% female, mean age = 19.71 years, SD = 1.014). The research instruments include the Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire, The Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale-Short Form, Academic Motivation Scale-Short Indonesian Language Version, Resilience Evaluation Scale, and School Burnout Inventory. Pearson’s correlation was carried out to identify the correlation. Results: The result showed that the stress level was significantly and positively correlated with academic burnout (r = 0.436, p < 0.001). Academic motivation and resilience showed significant negative correlations with academic burnout (p < 0.001, with r = –0.338, and r = –0.296, respectively). Meanwhile, perfectionism did not demonstrate a statistically significant association with academic burnout (r = 0.101, p = 0.114). Conclusions: Findings suggest that stress is positively related to academic burnout, while academic motivation and resilience are negatively associated with it. Perfectionism does not have a correlation. These findings highlight the promising interventions which emphasize stress reduction and promote motivation and resilience through coping training and periodic psychological support, which are essential in preventing academic burnout.

Wstęp: Dwukierunkowe interfejsy mózg–maszyna (BMI, brain–machine interfaces) reprezentują zaawansowaną technologię umożliwiającą zarówno rejestrację, jak i stymulację aktywności neuronalnej, co otwiera nowe perspektywy w neurorehabilitacji i medycynie translacyjnej. Cel przeglądu: Niniejszy artykuł przeglądowy dokonuje analizy aktualnego stanu badań nad dwukierunkowymi BMI, koncentrując się na kluczowych technologiach akwizycji i modulacji sygnałów neuronalnych, algorytmach dekodowania i kodowania informacji oraz ich zastosowaniach klinicznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wyzwaniom związanym z inwazyjnością, długoterminową stabilnością oraz interindywidualną zmiennością odpowiedzi neuronalnych. Omówiono także przyszłe kierunki rozwoju, w tym integrację sztucznej inteligencji, innowacje w zakresie nieinwazyjnych BMI oraz strategie personalizacji terapii, podkreślając potencjał tej technologii w poprawie interakcji człowiek–maszyna.

Introduction: This article provides an overview of emerging pharmacotherapeutic approaches to support the management of symptoms in patients suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD). Aim of review: BPD is a complex and severe mental disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotional dysregulation, marked impulsivity, instability in interpersonal relationships, a distorted sense of self, and an increased risk of suicide. It represents a significant public health problem due to its relatively high prevalence, associated morbidity, and substantial economic burden. Despite that, there is currently no medication approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for BPD. Conclusions: Pharmacological agents such as omega-3 fatty acids, opioid antagonists, clonidine, ketamine or esketamine, memantine, and oxytocin demonstrate preliminary potential in targeting specific dimensions of BPD pathology. Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce impulsivity and affective instability, opioid antagonists may help reduce self-harm and impulsivity, clonidine may lower hyperarousal, ketamine and esketamine are being investigated for rapid relief from suicidal ideation and improvement in social functioning, primarily in the context of comorbid depression, and oxytocin may modulate stress responses and enhance social engagement. However, further research, particularly through well-designed, large-scale clinical trials is necessary to confirm their efficacy, assess optimal intervention parameters, and establish their role in clinical practice. The successful integration of these emerging adjunctive approaches into clinical practice has the potential to significantly improve outcomes for individuals with BPD and enhance the overall management of this debilitating disorder.

Introduction: Nursing students are frequently exposed to high levels of academic stress and emotional pressures that may negatively affect their psychophysical well-being. This study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI), risky alcohol consumption, anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms in a population of students at the University of Palermo. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was administered to 801 nursing students out of a total of 806 participants (response rate: 99.38%). Sociodemographic information, lifestyle habits, and psychological symptoms were collected. Data were analyzed by bivariate analysis and ordered logistic regression to identify variables associated with altered BMI. Results: Of the students, 69.16% had normal BMI, 17.98% were overweight, 8.24% obese, and 4.62% underweight. Variables such as gender, course year, marital status, perceived health status, and anxiety and depressive symptoms were found to be significantly associated with BMI. Specifically, severe depressive and moderate anxiety symptoms were correlated with underweight or obese and overweight BMI, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was found between BMI and risky alcohol consumption. Conclusions: The results underline a strong interrelationship between psychological well-being and nutritional status in nursing students. Targeted interventions for prevention and promotion of mental and behavioral health are essential for this student population, especially in relation to gender, course year and relationship status.

Choroby zapalne jelit to przewlekłe choroby autoimmunologiczne układu pokarmowego często współwystępujące z zaburzeniami depresyjnymi i lękowymi. Celem niniejszego opracowania było zaprezentowanie przypadku pacjentki z zaburzeniami depresyjnymi, chorobą Leśniowskiego–Crohna i zespołem krótkiego jelita, leczonej wedolizumabem. Po włączeniu terapii bupropionem u pacjentki nastąpiła poprawa nastroju, a także zmniejszenie dolegliwości żołądkowo-jelitowych. Powyższy przypadek kliniczny może być pewną sugestią terapeutyczną w przypadku leczenia łagodnych lub umiarkowanych epizodów depresyjnych u pacjentów ze zdiagnozowaną chorobą Leśniowskiego–Crohna leczonych wedolizumabem.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the civilization diseases of present times. It is also one of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of premature death in the world. Hypertensive crisis, which we define as a sudden increase in blood pressure to values above 180 mmHg SBP and/or above 110–130 mmHg DBP, can be clinically categorized as hypertensive urgency or hypertensive emergency (immediately life-threatening condition). One of signs of target organ damage seen in hypertensive emergency is hypertensive encephalopathy, which may manifest as a change in mental status. Most often in the form of consciousness disorders. Nevertheless, in rare cases psychotic symptoms characteristic for paranoid syndrome with features of paralogical thinking disorders may appear. The purpose of this study was to present an atypical manifestation of hypertensive encephalopathy, with the clinical picture determined mainly by paranoid symptoms.

Wstęp: Zdrowie psychiczne młodzieży jest cennym kapitałem społecznym. Przyszłość społeczeństwa będzie zależała od kondycji zdrowotnej, zwłaszcza w wymiarze psychicznym, młodego pokolenia. Inicjatywy rządu RP na rzecz ochrony zdrowia psychicznego dzieci i młodzieży dotyczą przede wszystkim wdrażania programów profilaktycznych oraz poprawy dostępności opieki psychiatryczno-psychologicznej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie jakościowej analizy programu zdrowotnego pt. „Profilaktyka zaburzeń depresyjnych wśród młodzieży w wieku 16–17 lat”, przeprowadzonego na terenie województwa lubelskiego w 2015 roku. Realizacja programu przebiegała w trzech etapach: I — wczesnej diagnozy; II — psychoprofilaktyki; III — podsumowania i kontynuacji programu. Materiał i metody: Łącznie do programu przystąpiło 962 uczniów kształcących się w 18 szkołach ponadpodstawowych z 14 miejscowości, 3 subregionów województwa lubelskiego: bialskiego, chełmskiego i zamojskiego. Pełną ścieżkę wsparcia zrealizowało 900 uczniów (512 dziewczyn i 388 chłopców) w wieku 16–17 lat. Na etapie wczesnej diagnozy psychologicznej wśród badanej młodzieży przeprowadzono badania przesiewowe na podstawie Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia (GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire ) Davida Goldberga, Skali Depresji Becka (BDI, Beck Depression Inventory ) oraz Skali Depresji u Młodzieży według Kutchera (KADS, The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale ), określających poziom natężenia stresu i zaburzeń depresyjnych oraz obecności i natężenia myśli, planów lub czynów samobójczych bądź samouszkadzających. Wyniki: Udział młodzieży w tym programie pozwolił na osiągnięcie celu głównego — wyłonienia grupy młodych osób zagrożonych wystąpieniem zaburzenia i objęcie ich pomocą specjalistyczną. Zrealizowane cele szczegółowe w zakresie zwiększenia zdolności nazywania i wyrażania emocji, wzrostu umiejętności społecznych i radzenia sobie ze stresem, poszerzenia świadomości na temat występowania depresji w okresie dojrzewania i sposobów jej leczenia, również przyczyniły się do zwiększenia możliwości przeciwstawienia się depresji oraz poprawy stanu zdrowia psychicznego młodzieży. Uczniowie wysoko ocenili przydatność programu. Prawie wszyscy — bo aż 94% dziewczyn i 89% chłopców — wskazali na to, że program jest „bardzo przydatny”, a pozostali, że „raczej przydatny”. Wnioski: Zaprezentowany program zdrowotny przemawia za koniecznością dalszego prowadzenia psychoprofilaktyki wśród młodzieży. Oprócz działań prewencyjnych, polegających na redukcji czynników ryzyka, warto wzmacniać czynniki ochronne, zwłaszcza prężność psychiczną (resilience) osób młodych.