The estimation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in Mongolia. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water yield of the Upper Tuul River basin using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Water yield model. The study aimed to test whether it is possible to estimate the water yield of the selected research area using the model. The required input data included land use and land cover, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content. In addition, those data were obtained from Landsat 8, Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Product (MOD16), and International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) database. Finally, we generated spatial distribution maps, namely, mean actual evapotranspiration (mm), mean water yield (mm), and the volume of water yield (km3) by pixel within the research area. According to the modelling results, the estimated value for mean annual precipitation was 295.08 mm, and 827.09 mm respectively for potential evapotranspiration, 229.13 mm for average actual evapotranspiration, 55.89 mm and 0.43 km3 for water yield within the study area. The result was slightly higher (15.1 mm) in terms of mean actual evapotranspiration compared to the results of previous studies, conducted in the same research area, and it was found that the potential water yield in the study area has also been impacted. However, the InVEST (Water Yield) model can be used for future research studies concerning water yield and resource in river basins as it is possible to further improve the model results by using in-situ measurement data and satellite products with high spatial accuracy as input data.

Loess and loess-like soil formations are distributed in 3 regions across Mongolia. The lower part of the Orkhon and Selenge river basin in North Mongolia is the main loess area and another two are located in east Mongolia, in the Onon and Ulz river basins and the Khalka Gol river area. Loess-like soil covers a total of 109,000 sq.km or 6.95 per cent of the territory of the country. Loess soil properties have been studied on the basis of 8 sections and 83 samples. Fine sand fraction is predominant in the loess granulometric composition and its mean value is 51.3 per cent, and silt content mean value is about 34.9 per cent. A typical loess is a non-stony silt or fine sand, but there are also gravel loess. The average stone gravel content in the loess sediments is 8.1 per cent, sandy loess doesn’t contain any stone, but coarse fragment is high (20.5 per cent) in gravel loess. There is higher sand content (57.0 per cent) in gravel loess as compared to sandy loess (47.4 per cent). Mongolian loess soil average calcium carbonate content is 2.9 per cent, and Organic Matter (0.93 per cent) is higher than Chinese loess (0.41 per cent). Using 14C isotope data analysis and sediment properties we have tried to define the loess stratigraphy. Lower base section of fine sand silty loess sediments or about 1-3 meter thick layers were mostly formed during the mid-Holocene (7.5-3.0 ka) period. Upper parts of silty loess or 1.0-0.7 meter top layers were accumulated in the late Holocene (3ka BP to present) period. Kastanozem topsoil humus horizon (15-30 cm) formation starts at 1.5-1.0 ka BP. Mid-Holocene period probably witnessed the most active loess accumulation with a warm and dry windy condition prevailing. Sandy loess with a thickness of 1-2 meters predominate in Mongolia, and in some places loess thickness reaches up to 20-30 meters.

There is the need to divide Mongolia's lake research into trends of development stages and to provide a detailed analysis of modern lake research. The aim of this study is to identify the development stages of lake research in Mongolia and to analyse lake research development. This study provides a comparative analysis of the development trends of lake research carried out in the country. The historical development of lake research in Mongolia was divided into 4 stages in chronological order, highlighting the current research direction, scope, and contribution to geography. Since 1990, researchers from many countries have been able to conduct extensive research in Mongolia, and especially since the 2000s, lake research intensified owing to global warming and environmental change. Studies, in particular, focus on paleogeography, paleoclimate changes, lake water regimes and water level fluctuation. Mongolian lake-based studies have tended to identify environmental evolution from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. The investigated areas were primarily Khuvsgul Lake and Darkhad Basin, Lakes Valley and Gobi Lakes, the Great Lake Depression, Mongolian Altai and Khangai Mountain lakes. Since 1990, scientists from Russia, Mongolia, Germany, China, Japan, USA and South Korea have been increasingly focusing on research into lakes in Mongolia. Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic reconstruction, based on the lakes of Central Asia, is being conducted in an innovative manner. Dividing Mongolia's lake research into development stages and identifying research trends will help determine which areas of research can be developed in the future.

Since 2005, the mining sector has been a vital part of Mongolia's economy. This sector is one of Mongolia's most important sources of revenue. Primary outputs of Mongolia's mining industry are copper, gold, and coal. On the other hand, mining has a negative impact on the environment causing soil erosion, noise pollution, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. The Oyu Tolgoi copper mine is located in a semi-arid zone in the Mongolian Gobi. The impact of mining was investigated by sampling eight plots both in and out of this giant mining site. Vegetative cover, species richness, biomass, and basal gap of perennial plants were compared within and outside the perimeter of the Oyu Tolgoi mining site. The mining sites have a harmful impact on the environment. According to our findings vegetation cover, species richness, biomass, and perennial plant gaps were not different between the paired plots outside and inside of the mining site. Mining activities had little effect on vegetation, according to the findings.

The freshwater Buir Lake in Khalkh Gol soum, Dornod aimag, is located (47° 51′ 47″ N, 117° 51′ 29″ E) on the border of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. The northwest and northeast part of the lake is swampy, and is flat in the rest part. This research paper reveals the lithology and some major elements content (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, MnO and P2O5) of the core sediments and their distribution along the depth and the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), which will be a significant factor in restoring environmental change. According to the data of analysis of major elements of Buir Lake sediments, the concentration of SiO2 ranges from 42.92 to 58.29%; Al2O3 = 9.25-12.83%; Fe2O3 = 3.66-4.79%; TiO2 = 0.46-0.62%; MnO = 0.08-0.13%; CaO = 5.73-11.56%; MgO = 1.34-1.81%; Na2O = 0.72-1.50%; K2O = 1.58-2.31%; and P2O5 = 0.14-0.26% respectively. The chemical index of alteration is basically the same as the distribution of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O and Na2O in the sediments of the lake, but their content at 32.5 cm interval of the core sharply decreases and also increases. This is perhaps due to global climate change. The content and distribution patterns of water-soluble elements, such as CaO, MnO, and P2O5, are negatively correlated with the chemical index of alteration. These lead to conclude that major elements of Buir Lake sediment and Chemical Index of Alteration are closely related to climatic changes in eastern Mongolia pertaining to the Upper Pleistocene and the Holocene epochs.

This work summarizes the results of a study into such important urban soil parameters as soil actual (pH) and potential acidity (pH) and soil organic matter content (SOM) in the surface soil of Ulaanbaatar. The soil pH in Ulaanbaatar is slightly alkaline, with a median pH value of 7.36 (actual acidity) and 6.93 (potential acidity), and they were found to be the highest in the industrial zone as compared to other zones in the city. The median value of organic matter content in Ulaanbaatar surface soil was 5.61%, with a high variability in the industrial (C.V.-119%) and transport (C.V.-55.34%) zones. The SOM mean value in urban soil is less than the background value in surface soil from natural area, indicating to increasing compaction and reduction of porosity of soil in urban areas. Also, organic matter content have decreased relatively to previous data, reflecting the urbanization process and such long-term processes as aerial urban fallout.

A survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of Sitobion avenae (S. avenae) in the central agriculture zone of northern Mongolia (including Darkhan-Uul, Selenge, Tuv, and Erdenet aimags). Bioassays were used to assess the pest's susceptibility to three regularly used insecticides (deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and imidacloprid). DNA sequencing was used to look into the genotypes of codons 918 and 1014 of the Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in S. avenae. The findings revealed that in 2019, the population density of S. avenae was low in 159 fields and medium in 31, and the infestation rate was low in 73 fields, medium in 117 fields. Even at a concentration of 0.005%, high mortality rates (>84 per cent) of S. avenae nymphs were detected after 72 hours of exposure to the three insecticides, indicating that this pest was susceptible to all three insecticides tested. In our grain aphid samples, the pyrethroid resistance-causing mutations (M918L and L1014F) in the voltage-gated sodium channel were not detected.

Permafrost in Mongolia is at the southern edge of the Siberian permafrost, which is most vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we used ERA5-Land data to determine the distribution of permafrost in Mongolia, and used MIROC5 data for future projection of the soil temperature. The future change of soil temperature obtained during 2020–2100 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios was RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 respectively. This is a first attempt to identify the distribution of permafrost using ERA5-Land data in Mongolia. We examined the projection of permafrost distribution using RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios in Mongolia. The rapid increase of near-surface temperature was obtained in RCP8.5 scenario during 2020-2100. Soil temperature also has a high increasing trend similar to the near-surface temperature in the RCP 8.5 scenario. Future projection suggests that permafrost will completely thaw in Mongolia when area-averaged soil temperature in Mongolia exceeds 1.8°C in comparison with the current climate.

Genetic studies indicate to the importance of individual genetic diversity on predictor of mortality. Furthermore, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms can be used to identify disease-causing genes in humans and they can be either neutral or deleterious. Human Tumor necrosis factor-α is a well-known inflammation factor that is closely associated with sepsis and severe sepsis. Our objective was to evaluate the association of TNF-α -308 G/A promoter polymorphism with dependency to severity of pneumonia. Respiratory diseases, especially pneumonia, is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and the leading causes of pediatric hospitalization. We collected blood samples from 101 pediatric patients of the age group between "new born" and "school aged", who were treated and diagnosed with pneumonia in February 2019 and 2020, the pneumonia season in the country. Genomic DNA was extracted and performed by PCR-RFLP method to detect the presence of SNPs. The studies showed that the TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism among pediatric patients, genotype G;G was 73.27%, genotype A;G was 22.77%, and genotype A;A was 3.96%. Our study demonstrated disassociation of TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism with pneumonia severity in population.

An aerobic self-training program that includes a variety of aerobic activities is important for the development of students' physical and mental fitness, relieving physical and mental fatigue, and preventing physical inactivity accordingly. Aerobics is one of the most self-paced exercises designed to increase heart rate and breathing, as well as body temperature, including large groups of muscles. With a purpose to improve physical development, fitness, preparation level, endurance and metabolism of overweight female students, this study tested an active, high-intensity aerobic exercise program. The weights of students were reduced together with muscle circumference, the general physical development and preparation level were improved accordingly. The results were compared and analyzed to highlight the effectiveness of the training. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in the participants' body weight, body circumference, and body mass index compared to pre-test, intermediate and final results. It shows the importance of the aerobic program.