In recent years, air pollution caused by coal combustion in Ulaanbaatar city is becoming a priority health concern for the city residents and many researchers are investigating its ingredient and impact on people's health. This study aims to map Carbon Monoxide (CO) dispersion from remote sensing data during the winter season and evaluate it with the Land Use Regression (LUR) model result and fixed station measurements. Fixed station data from the National Agency for Meteorological and Environmental Monitoring (NAMEM) were utilized as a reference point for remote sensing data, a dependent variable for LUR model. Sentinel 5P TROPOMI CO data was correlated moderately-positive with fixed station measurements (R=0.56). And LUR model performance was relatively higher compared to Sentinel data or its determination coefficient R2=0.71, Adjusted R2=0.53, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)=0.84 mg/m3 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE)=0.7 mg/m3. These statistical evaluation coefficients are relatively lower than other similar studies, and authors have adduced it to a lack of reference data and satellite data spatial resolution. Finally, these two result maps were compared, which have shown lower correlation-positive or R=0.44. Even though these two map results are not exactly the same, Pearson’s correlation coefficient shows that both image results move in the same direction or they are moderately showing the same results.

Fifty-eight diatom species belonging to 34 genera, 20 families, 11 orders, and one class are identified in the diatom survey of mineral springs near Uvs and Khyargas lakes in northwest Mongolia. The water quality of the mineral springs of Uvs Lake is fresh, and the mineral spring belonging to Khyargas Lake is fresh to brackish based on the diatom community. The environmental well-being of those springs is 78.5-83.5. Conservation management has to be based on aquatic diversity studies to restore these springs to nature. Conservation management of springs based on algae communities is an issue that is being raised for the first time in Mongolia.

Mongolia is a massive, semi-arid country in Central Asia with a huge territory of 1,500,000 km2, with rangeland making up around 75% of the country's territory. These rangelands have supported herders and grazing animals for millennia. The transition from nomadic to stationary livestock husbandry in Mongolia’s rangeland has resulted in major changes in vegetation communities due to increased livestock numbers. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impacts of grazing on the vegetation of rangelands in the desert steppe ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of livestock grazing by measuring vegetation standing crop biomass, vegetation cover, and species' richness. The study was carried out in Khanbogd soum (district), Umnugovi aimag, the southern province of Mongolia. To assess the grazing impact, we sampled fourteen winter camps of herders who are members of the four herder groups, who were located at 1000 m and 2000 m from each. In total, we sampled 28 plots in two consecutive years. Our results indicate that aboveground biomass, cover, and species' richness did not differ with increasing distance from winter camps. Similar grazing pressures were shown at 1,000 and 2,000 meters away from the winter camps as well.

Our aim was to identify nucleotide polymorphisms, assess their distribution in haplotype diversity, and construct a phylogenetic tree by analyzing mtDNA markers of the Mongolian Tree Pipits(Anthus trivialis). We conducted this study using partial gene sequencesof mitochondrial marker genes, such as COI, Cyt-b, D-loop, andND2,to determine the genetic diversity of Mongolian Tree Pipits. We successfully amplified 2307 bp of the mitochondrial DNA fragments, including 469bp of COI, 435bp of Cyt-b, 554bp of D-loop and 846bp of ND2 from total 27 individuals of Mongolian (21) and Hungarian (6) populations of Anthus trivialis.The Hd value wasthe highest for ND2 (0.96) as compared with the other gene fragments in all populations, whileit was 0.94 in the Mongolian population. Moreover, the nucleotide diversity (Pi) ranged from 0.00234 to 0.004 in all population, it was observed that the Pi was between 0.00183 and 0.00376 in the Mongolian population. The phylogenetic tree based on combined mtDNA sequences revealed two mean clades. The probability value of the node supporting the posterior between these clades is 0.65,which suggests an indicative support in relationship between the two clades. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that Mongolian Tree Pipits do share common genetic characteristics with other populations and do not form distinct clusters. Publisher correction: Author name Sabor Sramko was revised to Gabor Sramko dated on 2024-10-07.

The article presents the results of studying novel bursts of ULF emissions within 0.5–2.5 Hz (Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations) with a simultaneous increase (~0.01 Hz/min) and decrease in frequency (~0.01 Hz/min) lagging by ~5÷10 min from the initial mean frequency (~0.6 Hz). From their formal resemblance with the stripes on military officer uniforms, these emissions are called Pc1 chevrons. The bursts were observed during strong short-term geomagnetic disturbances (~1 hour): substorms with high gradient of ionospheric currents+ intensification (dD/dt or dH/dt ~1–1.3 nT/s). We present the main parameters and couplings of these emissions with substorm geophysical phenomena of 11.02.1985, 06.04.1997 and 18.07.2013 events. Polar satellite observations of auroras are compared with LANL-91, 94 and THEMIS-A observations of charged particle fluxes. Possible mechanisms generating oscillations are also discussed.

Mongolia has an extremely high prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV), which leads to increased morbidity and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HDV is the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH). A recent study estimated that the prevalence of anti-HDV was 67.5% among hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cases in Mongolia. HDV infection is particularly prevalent in sexually active young people. The virus may be transmitted through sexual intercourse, and it is crucial to confirm this by detecting HDV RNA in semen and cervical swabs of patients with chronic hepatitis delta. This pilot study was conducted with 16 participants, including eight males and eight females. Viral RNA was isolated from the blood, male seminal fluid, and female cervical swab samples of all participants in the study. HDV RNA was quantified using RT-PCR in samples from blood, seminal fluid, and cervical swabs. This study found that the detection rate of HDV RNA differed between male and female samples, with 62.5% of seminal fluid samples in the male cohort being positive compared with 87.5% in the female cohort. The data shows a statistically significant difference between genders for the presence of HDVRNA in seminal fluid and cervical swabs (OR 0.238, 95% CI= 0.02-3.01). A significant correlation was found between blood HDV RNA quantity and HDV RNA presence status in seminal fluid and cervical swab samples, indicating a potential risk of sexual HDV transmission. The R2 values for semen and cervical swab samples were 0.1095 and 0.9755, respectively.

This study aimed to determine a sainfoin variety best suited to the soil and weather conditions of the Great Lake Basin region inUlaangom soum of Uvs aimag (province). We carried out studies into five varieties of sainfoin, including Peschany 1251, Tashyl 3, Novosibirsky 1284, Shortandisky 83, and Mikhailovsky-5, which were compared with each other without irrigation trial. Sainfoin has a high resistance to cold winter conditions, high temperatures and and dry drought conditions. Sainfoin varieties growing in Mongolia are highly palatable perennial leguminous plants. According to the result of our research, sainfoin is well acclimatized to Uvs province’s soil and weather conditions. The variety with the highest performance showing is Taskhyl 3, which was generated atthe Plant Research Center of Khakassia, a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia.

The Artemisia L. genus, one of the largest genera in the Asteraceae family, consists of many medicinally important and phylogenetically unresolved species. To define the phylogenetic relationship of Artemisia species, nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ITS (Intergenic spacer DNA) region, chloroplast trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, partial sequences of plastid rbcL gene were identified from medicinally important 12 species included in 3 subgenera. The phylogenetic tree was constructed through the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Parsimony analysis, respectively. The results of study revealed that the combination of the nucleotide sequences from the ITS and rbcL region was more efficient in determining the phylogenic relationship of species.

Since Mongolia's transition to a market economy in the 1990s, the “Great Migration” from rural to urban areas due to job shortages and natural disasters (droughts and dzud - disaster affecting livestock caused by severe natural conditions) in rural areas has continued. Many of these in-migrants have settled in large cities and their suburbs, especially in Ulaanbaatar, leading to many problems, including environmental pollution, traffic congestion, and overcrowding of social services. In addition, a number of studies have been conducted in Mongolia about the types of internal migration, factors influencing it, causes, characteristics of migrants, consequences and vulnerabilities. However, there is a lack of research about population location, density, settlement and their changes due to migration, especially the urban-rural population ratio, urban population growth and the impact of migration on it. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the main indicators of population migration in Ulaanbaatar, to determine its impact on population growth, to evaluate and to determine future trend. Within the framework of the study, spatial and statistical analysis of data and materials of the last 30 years (1990-2019) of the main population indicators of Ulaanbaatar was conducted and future trend was determined based on the population projections. According to the research results, in-migrants were always dominant in Ulaanbaatar from 1990 to 2019, and the intensity of migration generally increased in the years following droughts and dzuds. In addition, a total of 663.1 thousand people migrated to Ulaanbaatar from aimags and rural areas over the last 30 years, which is equal to 45.2 percent of the total population of Ulaanbaatar in 2019. As a result, urban population of Mongolia counted 2,212.9 thousand in 2020, and the urbanization rate reached 68.0 percent, of which 67.7 percent is concentrated in Ulaanbaatar alone. Between 2000 and 2009, 47.4 percent of the total in-migrants (1990-2019) or 314.5 thousand people moved to Ulaanbaatar, which was the peak of migration to Ulaanbaatar. From a population perspective, Ulaanbaatar's population is expected to reach 2.5 million or the equivalent of 50.5 percent of the total population of the country in 2050. In order to reduce overcrowding in Ulaanbaatar, it is necessary, in the future, to reduce inland migration from rual areas to Ulaanbaatar, reduce the gap between urban and rural development levels, support and develop regional development cities, and diversify settlements system.

The Two-Spotted Spider Mite (TSSM) is a prevalent mite pest found worldwide and is extensively distributed in Mongolian greenhouses. In this study, we conducted a field experiment using predatory mites and botanical pesticides on eggplants infested by TSSM. We observed promising results in terms of reducing pest populations and achieving overall improved outcomes. The experiment took place in a 120 sq.m. greenhouse located at the "Agropark" training-research center of the Mongolian University of Life Sciences. The aim of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of the following treatments in controlling Two-Spotted Spider Mite (TSSM): Treatment A (predatory phytoseiid mites at a ratio of 1:5), Treatment B (predatory phytoseiid mites + Neem), Treatment C (Neem alone), Treatment D (Neem + BEB), and Treatment E (untreated control). The experiment utilized a total of 20 plots, each with a size of 6 square meters, and 24 plants were grown in each plot, resulting in a total of 480 plants. Each plot was replicated four times. To assess TSSM control, mortality rates of TSSM were calculated for each treatment as follows: - Treatment A (Predatory phytoseiid mites): 44.4% to 94.7% - Treatment B (Predatory phytoseiid mites - 1:5 + Neem - 30ml/4.5L of water): 76.3% to 96.3% - Treatment C (Neem - 30ml/4.5L of water): 61.8% to 90.8% - Treatment D (Neem - 30ml/4.5L of water + BEB - 20ml/10L of water): 68.6% to 88.2%. The combination of all these treatments have shown apromising results in controlling TSSM in the greenhouse, significantly reducing the TSSM population, according to our research findings. However, it is important to release the predatory mites after a 5-day interval following the application of botanicals (Neem). We recommend a release of predatory mites (Phytoseiilus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii) either alone or in combination with botanicals for controlling TSSM in the greenhouse, because it is effective and a safe plant protection measurement to use in the greenhouse.