The paper analyzes the socio-demographic characteristics of the officers of the anti-Bolshevik formation in the Urals during the Civil War – the 7th Kamyshlovsky (27th Kamyshlovsko–Orovaysky) mountain rifles regiment. The research is based on unpublished sources from the collections of the Russian State Military Archive and the Russian State Military Historical Archive. Aspects such as age, combat experience, service life, education, marital status and religious affiliation of officers have been studied in detail. These data are compared with all-Russian trends, which made it possible to identify both common and specific features of the command staff of the considered formation of the white army. In the final part of the work, the collective portrait of a White Guard officer is recreated on the example considered, and the prospects for research in this direction are outlined.

The article is devoted to an attempt to reconstruct Nietzschean ontology presented as an ontology of becoming an eternally reccurning ‘whole’. The article is divided into several sections. The first section is devoted to the category of becoming as a basic concept in Nietzschean ontology and presents a consideration of becoming through the idea of the ‘whole’. The second section analyses the idea of eternal recurrence that gives a temporal dimension to Nietzschean ontology, and examines Nietzsche’s main arguments illustrating how eternal recurrence works. The third section analyses the will to power as a cosmological principle of his ontology. The final section offers a brief reconstruction of Nietzschean ontology, bringing together all the ideas and categories presented.

The article examines the concept of love in the political theory of Hannah Arendt. The author focuses not on love-passion, which is a limited to the private sphere, but on political love, which Arendt presents in two forms associated with two forms of freedom: love for freedom of thought and love for political freedom. The author shows how Arendt, based on Socrates’ reflections on eros as a desire for what is lacking and his «two-in-one» principle, develops her own concept of the activity of thinking, aimed not at knowing the object, but at understanding it, and based not on unity, but on plurality. Thinking about freedom in this context turns out to be thinking about an object worthy of love in order to understand its meaning. The author also analyzes Arendt’s concept of political action, the principle of which is similarly eros – love for political freedom. In the course of the text, the author compares Arendt’s ideas with the ideas of Socrates, Augustine, Montesquieu, Kant, Levinas and Heidegger. In addition, Arendt's appeal to the poetic works of Goethe and Rilke is considered.

Currently, microformats (or ultra-convenience) with the 20 % market share are of considerable interest to major market players. At the end of 2024 consumer behavior began to change and resulted in a slowdown of traffic growth with a focus on the low price segment, while maintaining the dynamics of retailers and channels offering an expanded range. The purpose of the research is to explore promising formats of domestic retail, as well as to identify factors contributing to their further development. The authors use theoretical approaches to the terminological understanding of the trade organizations format and present the trade formats classification. The features of modern formats of retail trade organizations and the main directions of their development are revealed. Moreover, the authors identify the factors influencing the development of modern trading formats. The scientific novelty of the research concludes in the systematization of modern trade formats of the digital economy. Special attention is paid to online trading as the most dynamically developing and demanded format of modern trade.

The article, considering a combination of anthropological and institutional approaches, characterizes the religious aspect of A. V. Kolchak’s personality as the Supreme Ruler of White Russia in connection with his activities in Omsk. The article examines the socio-political factors that influenced the formation of this figure’s religiosity, and basing on the analysis of the relevant facts of Kolchak’s biography, describes the specifics of his religiosity, which influenced his political activity at the height of his state career. In conclusion, the article highlights the interrelated factors that determined Kolchak’s policy in relation with the Russian Orthodox Church.

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of the economic history of the Far East — the tools for integrating the regional economy into the system of international trade and navigation. The authors focus on projects developed at the end of the Civil War to reanimate the Manchurian transit that proved effective in the pre-war period through the creation of the Grain Exchange in Vladivostok. The article shows the struggle of the exchange committee against attempts to put transit operations under the control of foreign capital. The work is carried out within the framework of a micro-historical approach. It is based on documents of the Vladivostok Stock Exchange Committee from the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that it is important to study both implemented and unfulfilled projects, which make it possible to assess the extent to which Soviet managers used developments from the pre-Soviet period to solve important economic problems.

The article contains a historical-philosophical review of recent receptions of Cartesian substantial dualism as an approach to solve the mind-body problem. It examines the genesis of Descartes’ dualistic metaphysics, its core arguments (including the modal argument of conceivability), and its characteristic systematic challenges such as the problem of the causal interaction between heterogeneous substances (the so-called ‘scandal of interactionism’). The author considers alternative interpretations of the Descartes’ approach and the Cartesianism: interactionism, occasionalism and concurrentism. Particular attention is paid to the critique of the substance dualism in contemporary debates like the problem of other minds, epistemic asymmetry, mereological arguments, and the thesis of conceptual autonomy of the mental. It is shown that substance dualism, despite its internal contradictions, remains the starting point for most recent dualist and physicalist conceptions of consciousness.

The analysis of the foreign economic restrictions of the Russian Federation, which have a multi-level impact on the Russian economy under the conditions of sanctions pressure, is carried out. The key challenges and opportunities arising from sanctions regimes, as well as ways of digital transformation of business and the national economy are considered. The importance of digitalization and the introduction of innovations as factors of increasing competitiveness and resilience to external influences are emphasized. Examples of successful application of digital technologies in various sectors of the economy are given, with an emphasis on their role in overcoming sanctions barriers. In addition, the mechanisms of adaptation and structural transformations aimed at reducing dependence on external economic factors, strengthening the domestic market and developing domestic technological solutions are revealed.

The article describes the analysis of the daily life of the highest official of White Siberia — Supreme Ruler A. V. Kolchak. The research is based on publications in newspaper «The Government Bulletin», the main official publication of the capital of White Siberia. The study of this source through the prism of anthropological and systemic approaches, comparative historical, statistical, biographical methods and the method of content analysis has allowed highlighting key trends, providing quantitative and qualitative assessments of official life and activities of A. V. Kolchak in the «Omsk» period of his biography.

Nietzsche’s relation to Spinoza is highly puzzling. It was based mainly on secondary sources. This article explores for the first time what impact Nietzsche’s reading about Spinoza – particularly of Kuno Fischer’s History of Modern Philosophy — had on his conceptions. First, I consider how Nietzsche found a brother-in-arms in Spinoza upon leaving teleology behind. Second, I examine Nietzsche’s concept of eternal recurrence in the context of Spinoza’s teaching as it was presented by Fischer. Third, I investigate the relation between Nietzsche’s amor fati and Spinoza’s amor intellectualis dei. Finally, I discuss how the Spinozist concept of self-preservation (as it was modeled and discussed in nineteenth-century Spinoza research) became in the horizon of evolutionary theory a critical point for Nietzsche. It turns out that the knowledge of Nietzsche’s sources is fundamental for an adequate understanding of the use Nietzsche made of Spinoza’s philosophy. The article thus tries to find a new approach to Nietzsche’s Spinoza with the help of the contemporary sources he used.