BACKGROUND : Androgen deficiency associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the components of the metabolic syndrome, which is followed by visceral obesity. The pathogenetic features of the functioning of adipose tissue in patients with a combination of pathologies such as T2DM and hypogonadism have been studied extremely little. AIMS : To measure the effect of testosterone (T) deficiency on metabolic parameters and secretory activity of adipose tissue in men suffering from T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Patients with T2DM and hypogonadism were subjected to a series of general clinical studies, studied the degree of disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as the lipid accumulation index LAP, and also the level of hormones produced by adipose tissue (resistin, adiponectin and leptin) and sex hormones. RESULTS : The study involved 276 male patients with T2DM (aged 54.0 (8.0) years), divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of patients with hypogonadism (n=124); 2nd — eugonadal patients (n=152). Along with insulin resistance, men suffering from T2DM in combination with hypogonadism have hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, more significant disturbances in the secretory activity of adipose tissue: an increase in leptin concentration by 18.4% (p=0.03), resistin by 2 times (p < 0.001), and a 1.7-fold decrease in the level adiponectin (p=0.006). This pattern clearly demonstrates the fundamental importance T deficiency in men with T2DM in the formation of metabolic disorders, as well as dysfunction of adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS : Decreased T production in patients with T2DM worsens the disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and also the dysfunction of adipose tissue, the main pathophysiologic basis for cardiometabolic diseases.

BACKGROUND : Childhood overweight and obesity are associated with diseases in adulthood: metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and some types of cancer. In 2006, WHO initiated the European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI), according to which a survey of Moscow first-graders was conducted in 2017. The publications of the Initiative participants presented general characteristics of the Russian sample along with similar indicators of other countries participating in the Initiative, while the collected Russian data allow for a more detailed analysis. AIM : To characterize the nutrition of 7-year-old children in Moscow at home and at school. MATERIALS AND METHODS : The epidemiological study was conducted at the National Medical Research Center of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2017 as part of the COSI program. The study included 7-year-old children studying in one of the first grades of 68 randomly selected Moscow schools. The study was conducted in accordance with the COSI study protocol; parent and school questionnaire forms were filled in. RESULTS : The study included 2,166 7-year-old children (1,068 boys and 1,098 girls). At home, 82% of children receive fresh fruit daily or 4–6 times a week, 72% receive vegetables, 64% receive dairy products, and 81% receive meat. 37% of children never receive soft drinks with added sugar, 62% — flavored milk, 79% — diet or "light" soft drinks, 55% — low-fat milk, and 29% — whole fat milk. 46% of children receive fish 1–3 times a week. At school, water is freely available for 86% of children, tea for 35%, fresh fruit for 67%, and vegetables for 55% of children. For 61% of children, a course on rational nutrition is conducted at school, or this topic is presented as a separate lesson, or is integrated into other educational activities. Two thirds of children at school are free from exposure to advertising and marketing. CONCLUSION : For the first time, detailed results of an epidemiological study of 7-year-old children in Moscow under the COSI program are presented: assessment of the frequency of consumption of various food products at home and at school.

BACKGROUND . Cushing disease (CD) is a severe neuroendocrine disorder caused by excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone by a pituitary adenoma. This disorder leads to hypercortisolism and systemic complications (obesity, hypertension, osteoporosis, etc.), which significantly increase mortality and reduce quality of life. Epidemiological data on CD vary depending on the assessment methods, making it difficult to determine the true prevalence. AIM . To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of CD using data from the Russian database of hypothalamic and pituitary tumors (OGGO). MATERIALS AND METHODS . The study was conducted using the OGGO clinical and epidemiological monitoring database in Russian Federation, which includes 84 regions, with date of analysis January 1, 2025. The OGGO database has been created in 2006, and has been available as online resource since 2013. RESULTS . As of January 1, 2025, the OGGO database included 986 patients with CD. The average prevalence of CD in the Russian Federation was 0.7 per 100,000 population: the highest prevalence was observed in the Republic of Karelia (2.5/100,000), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (2.1/100,000), and Tver Oblast (1.8/100,000). The sex ratio (m:f) was 152 (15.4%):834 (84.6%). The median age was 52 years [42.1; 63.6]. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 22.2 months [4.1; 57.0]. At the time of the last visit, remission was achieved in 58.6% of patients. CONCLUSIONS . The OGGO database is a valuable tool for monitoring and studying CD in Russia. The results confirm significant variability in the prevalence of CD in Russian Federation and the need for training and awareness-raising among physicians, which will contribute to improved diagnostics, reduced time to diagnosis, and optimized treatment.

BACKGROUND : Obesity and hyperuricemia (HU) as metabolically and genetically similar conditions with a single list of comorbid diseases are of serious concern to the global scientific community. AIM : to assess the incidence of GU and the severity of insulin resistance with different levels of fat content in comparison with BMI levels and obesity stages in working patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A cross-sectional, single-center study included 458 working patients observed in the private healthcare institution "KB "RZhD-Medicine" in Yaroslavl. BMI, laboratory blood test results (glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins), data on existing chronic diseases, and a photoplethysmographic marker of insulin resistance were recorded. The obesity stage was determined based on the presence/absence of fasting hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL-C, and comorbidity data. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the Statistica13 program. RESULTS : Assessment of obesity by ABCD stages demonstrated the prevalence of metabolically unhealthy obesity (OB stages 1 and 2) in 64.8% of patients (OB1 — in 40.8% of subjects and OB 2 — 24.0%). HU occurs in metabolically unhealthy obesity more often at the second stage than at the first in men by 2.2 times, in women by 2.7 times, and relative to individuals with normal body weight, this ratio is 5.6 and 9.04 times. Photoplethysmographic marker of insulin resistance increased from the group with normal body weight to OB stage 2. Pathological level of photoplethysmographic marker of insulin resistance in men with OB stage 2 was detected more often by 1.4 times compared to OB 0 and by 2.25 times relative to OB stage 1, in women — by 2.2 and 2.1 times, respectively. CONCLUSION : Metabolically neutral accumulation of fat mass (overweight and obesity stage 0) is very rare in the modern population of outpatient working patients (5.4–3.35%, respectively). Surrogate markers of insulin resistance are determined even with metabolically neutral variants of excess adipose tissue accumulation and reach a prevalence of more than 50% in stage 2 obesity. Hyperuricemia is practically not found in metabolically neutral variants of excess body fat and can act as a cheap routine marker of metabolic distress and a criterion for the effectiveness of preventive interventions.

ВACKGROUND . Obesity and overweight occupy one of the leading places in the structure of morbidity in the population around the world. Of particular relevance is the task of developing effective methods for treating this pathology, including diet therapy using biologically active substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. AIM was to study the effect of capsaicinoids on the immune status in a model of nutritional obesity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS . The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, which were randomized by body weight into 3 groups (10 animals each, initial body weight 350±10 g). The rats received a semisynthetic standard diet (group 1) and a high-calorie choline-deficient diet (HCChDD) (groups 2 and 3). Animals were intragastrically administered (3.33 ml/kg body weight) 3 times a week sunflower oil (groups 1 and 2) or hot pepper extract (capsaicin — 59%, dihydrocapsaicin — 31%, nordihydrocapsaicin — 4%) in sunflower oil (group 3) in a single dose of 15 mg capsaicinoids/kg body weight. Hematological studies were performed on a Coulter ACT TM 5 diff OV hematological analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA). The study of the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes was carried out using a flow cytometer FC-500 (Beckman Coulter, USA). The content of cytokines in the blood plasma of rats was determined by multiplex immunoassay using a Luminex 200 analyzer (Luminex Corporation, USA). RESULTS . In rats of the 2nd group, compared with the control, the presence of neutrophilic leukocytosis (1.20±0.13 vs 0.72±0.07 x10 9 /l; p < 0.05). A study of the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes in rats of the 2nd group revealed an increase in the relative content of T-helpers (61.41±1.31 vs 53.30±3.25%; p < 0.05) and the value of the immunoregulatory index (IRI): (1.94±0.15 vs 1.55±0.14; 0.05<p < 0.10) compared to the control group. Administration of capsaicinoids to rats of the 3rd group led to the normalization of these indicators. In animals of the 2nd group, a significant increase in the blood plasma levels of cytokines was found: IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17A, and MCP-1 and a decrease in the content of IL-2 and TNF-α according to compared with the control group. Capsaicinoids administered to rats of group 3 provided an increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, MIP-1α and TNF-α and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the content of IL-12(p70) and MIP-2 compared to groups 2 and 1. Due to this influence, the median ratio of the level of IL-10 to IL-12(p70) increased significantly (1.52 vs 0.29 and 0. 23), but the median IL-10/17A remained significantly lower than the control value (1.54 vs 3.07). CONCLUSION . The anti-inflammatory effect of capsaicinoids in the extract of hot capsicum on nutritional obesity in rats has been established.

BACKGROUND . Changes in the human nutrition profile have led to excessive consumption of fats and carbohydrates, which is accompanied by the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). The main studies of the mechanisms of MS are performed on males, the features of MS in females have not been sufficiently studied. OBJECTIVE . The objective was to assess the state of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the functional state of the mesenteric arteries in intact and ovariectomized female Wistar rats under a high-fat dietary load. MATERIALS AND METHODS . Four groups of female rats were used: HFD (high fat diet, n=14), intact, receiving 50% fat in the diet, HFD (n=14) — ovariectomized, receiving 50% fat, CG (n=12) — intact, receiving a standard diet, OvCG (n=12) — ovariectomized, receiving a standard diet. After 10 weeks, the responses of mesenteric arteries precontracted with phenylephrine to acetylcholine (ACh) in the absence and with the use of an NO synthase blocker (L-NAME), as well as to sodium nitroprusside (NP), were studied using microphoto- and video recording of the vessel diameter in vivo. The state of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, arterial pressure (BP), and the level of visceral obesity were assessed. The study refers to an interventional single-sample controlled study. RESULTS . In the absence of differences in body weight in HFD and OvHFD rats, excess fat intake leads to visceral obesity, increased triglyceride and LDL levels, increased blood pressure, and insulin resistance compared to CG and OvCG. Evaluation of mesenteric artery dilation at an ACh concentration of 10–5 mol/L showed that in HFD females the relaxation amplitude was 19.9% lower than in CG, and in OvHFD it was 21.3% lower than in OvCG. Compared with the magnitude of dilation on ACh without blockers, pre-incubation of vessels with L-NAME led to a decrease in the amplitude of ACh-induced vascular relaxation in CG by 68.0±3.6%, in OvCG by 70.1±3.4%, in HFD by 48.4±2.9%, in OvHFD by 55.1±3.9%. NP-induced vasodilation was reduced in HFD rats by 32.3%, in OvHFD by 32.2% compared with CG and OvCG. CONCLUSION . Excessive fat consumption by female rats is accompanied by visceral obesity, increased blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and impaired carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia. The development of MS is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction, manifested by a decrease in ACh-induced dilation due to both the suppression of NO production by the endothelium and a decrease in the sensitivity of SMC to NO, while in ovariectomized females, visceral obesity without a decrease in vascular reactivity compared to intact animals.

In the history and current status of Russian endocrinology, the personality of Academician Ivan Ivanovich Dedov occupies a special place. This article presents the unique contribution of the founder and President of the State Research Centre of the Russian Federation, the National Medical Research Centre for Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Endocrinology Research Center, ERC, Centre), the Chief External Endocrinologist of the USSR and the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences I.I. Dedov, to the development of fundamental and clinical endocrinology, primarily in terms of providing high-quality specialized care to citizens with metabolic disorders of the endocrine glands (obesity and diabetes mellitus). The article was prepared as part of a historical and scientific research project dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Endocrinology Research Centre, with a focus on the contributions of Academician I.I. Dedov as a world-class theoretical scientist, talented clinician, and effective healthcare organizer and manager.

Obesity is a significant healthcare problem worldwide. It is associated with a multitude of comorbidities and significantly reduces the quality of life. Success in the study of the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders contribute to development and introduction of innovative technologies into the clinical practice to combat the epidemic of obesity. However, so far the mechanisms involved in weight regain remain not fully understood. Maintaining body weight is regulated by the interaction of many physiological processes. The purpose of this review is to analyze existing studies dedicated to the biological mechanisms leading weight regain after successful treatment of obesity.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by the development of multifocal tumors in endocrine organs. This article presents a clinical case of a female patient with a confirmed MEN1 mutation (c.203delC p.T70fsX118), who exhibited manifestations of various syndrome components over more than 10 years, including parathyroid adenomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and a pituitary microprolactinoma. The patient underwent multiple surgical interventions: duodenopancreatectomy, parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation, adrenal resection, and esophageal leiomyoma removal. The study discusses the challenges in diagnosing the primary source of parathyroid hormone secretion, the difficulties in achieving optimal glycemic control due to absolute insulin deficiency following fulminant diabetes mellitus development after total pancreatectomy, as well as aspects of reproductive health and quality of life. This case highlights the importance of a personalized approach and multidisciplinary management in patients with MEN-1 syndrome.

BACKGROUND : Obesity is considered one of the leading global health issues. According to a meta-analysis published in the Lancet, in 2024 there were 880 million adults and 159 million children with obesity worldwide. Surgical treatment is one of the main methods for managing morbid obesity. There are several options for surgical treatment, but mini-gastric bypass is gaining popularity among bariatric surgeries. The operation is considered effective in reducing body mass and achieving remission of obesity-related comorbidities. The main advantage of this type of surgical intervention is the combination of relative simplicity and safety of the operation compared to other shunting bariatric interventions with sufficient efficacy on the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the advantages of this technique, there is limited research published in this area. AIM : Assess the long-term outcomes of mini-gastric bypass in patients with morbid obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study presents the results of a 2-year follow-up of 30 patients who underwent mini-gastric bypass surgery. The patients' average age was 52.5 [50–56.5] years, and their preoperative BMI was 50.0 kg/m 2 [46.2–59.6]. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months over a two-year period post-surgery. During the observation period, anthropometric data (BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, excess weight loss percentage — EWL, total weight loss percentage — TWL), fasting blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and postoperative adverse events were evaluated. RESULTS: After two years post-surgery, the median BMI value was 33.6 kg/m2 [28.4–36.5] (p<0.001) with an excess weight loss of 33.6% [28.4–36.4] (p<0.001). The greatest excess weight loss of 35.6% [26.6–54.2] (p<0.001) and 56.0% [39.0–56.0] (p<0.001) was observed at 6 and 12 months of the study, respectively. Similar results were also noted for other parameters. During the study period, remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved in 40% of patients (n=12) at 12 months of observation and in 80% of patients (n=24) at 24 months of observation. A significant reduction in adverse events was observed in the second year of the study compared to the first year. CONCLUSION : Therefore, mini-gastric bypass surgery is an effective bariatric procedure that leads to weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes.