In this paper, we describe and illustrate Psychotria caraballoensis , a new endemic species from the Caraballo Mountain Range, Luzon, Philippines. It is allied to the Subalpina species group sensu Sohmer and Davis (2007), and resembles Psychotria sohotonensis . However, it is distinct by its greater number of lateral veins, leaf blades drying khaki to dark brown, inflorescences/infructescences with axes branching into verticillate or oppositely branched cymules, puberulous flowers with longer corolla lobes, smaller and globose to subglobose fruits, and ruminate endosperms. It is one of few species of Philippine Psychotria documented to have both long and short‐styled flower morphs. The conservation status of this species is proposed as ‘Endangered' (EN), due to its restricted range and the presence of anthropogenic threats in the area.

Primulina marmorata , a new species of Gesneriaceae from the limestone areas of Siding Town, Rong'an County, liuzhou City, Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated here. It morphologically resembles P. yungfuensis in leaf blades. Still, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by noting a combination of characteristics, especially in its obviously larger bracts. We found only one population, about 10 000 mature individuals, at the type locality. According to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Ver. 3.1), the new species is tentatively designated as ‘Critically Endangered' (CR).

Limacella lenta , a new species of the well‐known fungal family Amanitaceae from district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of ITS and combined ITS‐28S sequences. The species is mainly characterized by its orange to bright reddish‐brown sticky pileus with faded pale margins, a stipe surface covered with white fibrils, comparatively large globose to subglobose basidiospores measuring 5.1–6.2 × 4.1–5.6 µm, the presence of clavate to subclavate cheilocystidia and the absence of clamp connections. A morphological description, color photographs, microscopic structures and a comparative ITS and combined ITS‐28S based phylogenetic analysis is presented.

Understanding how the relative importance of local adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity varies across spatiotemporal scales is critical for explaining and predicting plant population dynamics. We conducted a three‐year reciprocal transplant experiment with the dominant grass Stipa krylovii between contrasting sites (wetter Xilinhot and drier Beligutai) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe to determine the dominant adaptation mechanism driving variation in five phenotypic traits. Trait variation explained by site increased over time, indicating the growing importance of phenotypic plasticity. The Beligutai population demonstrated significant local advantage ( ∆ LA) in vegetative and reproductive shoot production, whereas the Xilinhot population exhibited greater adaptive plasticity. These findings reveal temporally evolving phenotypic plasticity in S. krylovii , leading to divergent adaptive strategies between populations. This study provides empirical support for predicting species distribution under climate change and advances theoretical understanding of adaptation mechanisms in perennial clonal herbs across semi‐arid regions.

Angelica danxiacola, a new species of Apiaceae from Danxia landform in Zhejiang Province, eastern China, is described and illustrated. This species exhibits similarities in morphological features to A. morii but is distinguishable by several discrete features, such as the shape and size of the leaf blades and leaflets, number of rays, pedicel length, shape and size of the mericarp, and number of vittae on the commissure. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on nrDNA ITS sequences strongly support A. danxiacola as a distinct lineage sister to a clade comprising A. morii and related species.

Dyckia semperflorens (Bromeliaceae: Pitcairnioideae) is described as a new species from the temperate climate region of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The new species belongs to the Dyckia encholirioides complex and is closely related morphologically to Dyckia monticola , which is endemic to the Quiriri mountain range, a high‐altitude region in the northeastern part of Santa Catarina state. Dyckia semperflorens is distinguished by having basal floral bracts of the main inflorescence axis exceeding the length of the flowers, flowers 2.3–2.5 cm long, anthers prior to dehiscence 4.5–5.0 × 1.5–1.6 mm, and stigmatic margins without trichomes. The new species is only known from a single population on a rocky escarpment on the banks of the Touros River and is assessed as ‘Data Deficient' (DD) based on the IUCN criteria.

We carefully observed the submicroscopic structural characteristics of the hairs of the stipe, rachis, costae, fronds and indusia of 15 species of Hypodematium from China and photographed them under an anatomical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the hairs on the epidermis of the leaves of the 15 species could be divided into two types: rod‐shaped glandular hairs and non‐glandular hairs, which were respectively distributed in various parts of each species. The type, density, length and thickness of the hairs were stable within species, but there were significant differences between species. The species could be divided into three groups based on their hairs: 1) H . sinense and H . fordii with rod‐shaped glandular hairs; 2) H . crenatum , H . hirsutum , H . guilinense and H . zhangii with non‐glandular hairs; 3) H . confertivillosum , H . squamuloso ‐ pilosum , H . mengshanensis , H . shandongense , H . gracile , H . glandulos o‐ pilosum , H . jianxiuii , H . chingii and H . taishanensis with rod‐shaped glandular hairs and non‐glandular hairs. These submicroscopic structures, combined with palynology, provide characters for species identification and interspecific classification. This enables the development of plant taxonomy from the traditional classification stage to a new stage based on SEM studies of submicroscopic structures. It is of great significance not only for the protection and development and utilization of plant resources in this genus, but also for other groups and families.

Asproinocybe paksitanica sp. nov. is described as a novel species and Asproinocybe daleyae as a new country record from moist temperate forest in Pakistan, based on morphological and molecular data. Morphologically the new species is characterized by a pileus with variable shades from light to chocolate brown, violet lamellae, light brown stipe (light purplish close to the lamellae) with prominently white striations. Microscopically, it possesses characteristic ellipsoid, nodulose basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses of the nrDNA ITS region support that it belongs to Asproinocybe , a comparatively rare genus with few species so far reported. A phenotypical and phylogenetical comparison with allied taxa confirms our species as a new taxon and closest to A. sinensis .

Dispersal units that continuously rotate while falling purely due to aerodynamic forces are called autorotating dispersal units. Single‐ to multi‐winged forms of autorotating dispersal units occur in nature. The dispersal unit of Getonia floribunda Roxb. (Combretaceae) is an example of a multi‐winged whirling diaspore that performs efficient autorotation in the air during wind dispersal. The present study aims to investigate the diaspore morphology, geometry, underlying principles, and reasons for the specificity of its autorotation during the dispersal and to find the morphological variations and geometrical significance. Plants and their diaspores from four locations in northern Kerala, South India, were selected for this study. Detailed macromorphological, micromorphological, developmental, anatomical, aerodynamic, and experimental studies were performed on the collected diaspores. The results show that fruit diaspores with distinct spatial configuration of persistent cyclically arranged tepals (perianth whorl) and distribution of the centre of mass along the middle vertical axis are the reasons for vertical autorotation or helicopter motion. Wing modification and paper model experiments prove that the wings have an intrinsically predetermined geometrical right‐side leading‐edge curvature, which is the reason for its distinct anticlockwise direction during autorotation. A significant variation in morphological parameters of these diaspores was observed across locations. Still‐airdrop tests and further statistical analysis show that wing fold angle developed due to the distinct spatial configuration of the wings exhibited a significant, predictable relationship with descent rate and terminal velocity in this diaspore across locations. Thus, wing geometry has an impact on flight in these diaspores and demonstrates the relationship between the shape and fitness of natural flight organs.

A new species, Tetrataenium manilalianum C.Rekha, Amruth., Manudev and Sujana sp. nov. (Apiaceae) is described from Kerala, India. The new species appears to be similar to T. sprengelianum (Wight and Arn.) Manden., but it differs in several morphological features, including plant height, leaf and leaflet size and shape, number and size of rays, indumentum of bracts and bracteoles, flower number, size and shape of fruits, etc. A detailed description and diagnostic morphological characters of the newly described species are provided, along with photographs, a distribution map, phenology and habitat.