The Bayesian Brain Behavioural Mapping framework examines how multisensory stimuli affect worker perception and the mitigation of fatigue within workspace environments, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. TPDK Disdukcapil Semarang was selected as a case study due to its notable digital service innovation during the pandemic, which enabled remote access to essential public administration services. This innovation ensured continuity of service, improved public accessibility, and received national recognition for its effectiveness. This study employed an observational case study approach combined with real-time electroencephalogram monitoring to examine how a fatigued worker experienced their workspace. A portable EEG device recorded the participant's brainwave activity as they performed routine administrative tasks. The EEG data captured cognitive and emotional responses to multisensory environmental stimuli, including visual (lighting and colours), auditory (coughing and sneezing), and olfactory (disinfectant smells) inputs that were prevalent during the pandemic. The researchers assessed worker fatigue using a triangulated method that combined self-reported data and behavioural observation. The Fatigue Assessment Scale was used to evaluate physical and mental fatigue. Observable indicators such as reduced focus, slower movements, and facial expressions helped validate the subjective reports. This research applies Bayes' Theorem to model how seven environmental factors, such as contrast, atmosphere, context, dimensions, space density, emotional tone, and spatial originality, can influence perceived comfort and the likelihood of spatial persistence. The findings highlight that neurocognitive elements, such as density, atmosphere, contextual fit, and emotional stability, are critical in shaping the spatial experience. For instance, lower density and emotional stability were associated with greater comfort in administrative spaces, while a sense of originality was essential in archive areas. By integrating Bayesian analysis with spatial design, this study provides a framework for architects to create work environments that align with human cognitive and emotional responses, promoting resilience and well-being, particularly in response to pandemic-related challenges.

Misophonia, or "hatred of sound", is characterised by adverse reactions to a specific sound. Persons with misophonia might experience diverse symptoms like anxiety, rage, hatred, etc, from mild to severe. Little is known about the prevalence of misophonia in the adult population in the age range of 30 to 50 years, and existing prevalence studies include only college students or the clinical population - the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of misophonia in adults through standardised questionnaires. A total of 341 adults from all over India, aged 30 to 50 years, participated in the study. The Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire (MAQ), given by Marsha Johnson, was used to analyse the severity of misophonia in the participants. The questionnaire was administered individually through an online survey, where participants completed Google Forms containing demographic data and the Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire (MAQ). The present study revealed that, out of 341 subjects, the prevalence of misophonia was approximately 31.37%, with most subjects having subclinical misophonia. The results of the study show a high prevalence of misophonia among adults in the age range of 30-50 years. As misophonia is prevalent in the general population, appropriate assessment and management will help reduce the quality of life disruptions.

Depressive disorder, also known as depression, represents a major global health concern. Effective diagnosis and treatment of depression are critical to moderate its impact. Current diagnostic methods for depression are time-consuming and subjective, which can lead to misdiagnosis and impact treatment effectiveness. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis is critically needed. Although the exact pathophysiology of depression remains unknown, neurotrophic factors, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) being the most important, have been elucidated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. Alterations in functional BDNF may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression by impairing neuroplasticity, a process closely linked to antidepressant action. Meanwhile, advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and bioinformatics have enabled the identification of various microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with depression. This review aims to assess the role and mechanisms of microRNAs that target BDNF in depression. These microRNAs regulate the pathophysiology of depression, particularly through abnormalities in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, as well as other mechanisms such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and inflammatory dysregulation. These microRNAs may serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and as targets for novel antidepressants. Our study identifies 16 miRNAs that target BDNF in depression, either directly or indirectly through other molecules. Among these, miR-124, miR-132, and miR-221 are promising candidates for biomarkers of depression. Meanwhile, miR-124 and miR-132 present significant promise for treatment. However, major challenges remain in translating these findings into clinical practice, underscoring the need for further research.

Visual mental imagery, the subjective experience of “seeing” in the absence of sensory input, has long been studied in relation to perception. While considerable evidence points to shared neural mechanisms, the precise nature of their overlap and divergence remains an area of active investigation. The present fMRI study examined brain activation patterns and functional roles of distinct regions during the perception and imagery of animals, utilising a sparse temporal sampling paradigm to control for auditory interference. Seven participants (2 males, 5 females; mean age=22.57, SD=0.48) participated in the study. Perception and imagery tasks were conducted separately within a single session to minimise fatigue and motion artefacts. BOLD signals were preprocessed and analysed using SPM12, employing paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. The analysis utilised an uncorrected threshold of p<0.001 at the voxel level, combined with cluster-level family-wise error correction at p<0.05. Results revealed substantial overlap in neural substrates, with perception uniquely engaged in the right medial superior frontal gyrus, suggesting heightened top-down attentional control. In contrast, imagery preferentially activated the left supplementary motor area and right opercular inferior frontal gyrus, implying a greater demand for internal representation and cognitive control. The imagery phase further demonstrated widespread activation across the frontoparietal network and temporal lobe, with image generation eliciting the strongest engagement of auditory and attentional regions. Self-reported vividness during imagery correlated positively with pre-scan vividness scores (p<0.05), validating the ecological relevance of the task. These findings suggest that while perception and imagery share a common neural foundation, they diverge in the specific cognitive processes they recruit, with imagery placing greater emphasis on internal generation and manipulation of mental representations. The study highlights the dynamic interplay of brain regions supporting visual imagery and its multifaceted nature, offering potential implications for interventions targeting cognitive enhancement and addressing deficits in perception or imagery.

Neuropathic pain is initiated by lesions or diseases affecting the somatosensory nervous system. The development and persistence of this condition involve complex and interconnected mechanisms, including those related to neuroinflammation and neuronal hyperexcitability. Due to an incomplete understanding of these mechanisms, conventional therapies for neuropathic pain often result in adverse effects. Recent research has proposed that zerumbone, a crystalline sesquiterpene compound extracted from Zingiber zerumbet, can attenuate neuropathic pain in animal models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SH-SY5Y cells were employed to allow tight control of the physiological environment, which could not be established in in vivo models, in addition to reducing the use of animals in the study of neuropathic pain. LPS induction in SH-SY5Y cells enables the observation of one of the hallmarks of neuropathic pain pathophysiology, which is the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of zerumbone by measuring its influence on the expression of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y cells, an in vitro model of neuropathic pain. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of zerumbone was first investigated through the expression level of NO, whereby the inhibitory concentration of zerumbone was determined at 8 g/ml (p<0.0001 compared to the LPS-only group). Zerumbone treatment significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 (p<0.05 compared to the LPS-only group). Although a reduction in TNF-α levels was observed, it did not reach statistical significance in the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Data from each experiment were analysed by using the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the post hoc Tukey test, p<0.05. Zerumbone demonstrates an anti-neuroinflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells by suppressing the expression of key inflammatory mediators NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. These findings suggest that zerumbone is a potential therapeutic candidate for managing neuropathic pain associated with neuroinflammation.

Bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia often have overlapping symptoms that lead to frequent misdiagnoses. To address the need for an objective, quantitative and accurate tool for diagnosing mental disorders, we developed an AI-based approach using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Our study analysed data from Seoul National University, including EEG assessments and medical records of 383 subjects: bipolar disorder (n=67), major depressive disorder (n=199), and schizophrenia (n=117). Our method involved three steps: (1) balancing the dataset with SMOTE up-sampling, (2) extracting key features, and (3) employing machine learning and deep learning models for classification. The combination of Independent Component Analysis, ANOVA F-value, and Gradient Boosting yielded the highest accuracy of 96.67% and minimal misclassifications. These results suggest this approach could significantly improve the correct diagnosis of mental disorders, and it is feasible to quantify the EEG signals to obtain an objective computer-aided diagnosis system.

This mini review explores the intersection of psycholinguistic research and critical discourse studies, focusing on racial representations intertwined with psycholinguistic variables in shaping discourse perceivers' perceptions. It addresses recent literature on the various psycholinguistic variables that influence discourse perceivers in discourse processing. This review has investigated recent developments regarding racial representations intertwined with these psycholinguistic variables that influence discourse perceivers from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings reveal that most existing studies have concentrated on social media, news, and political discourse while overlooking other types of discourse, such as narrative discourse in novels. These studies emphasize psycholinguistic variables to evoke cognitive and emotional responses in discourse perceivers, such as threatening noun-based expressions, violent verb-based expressions, categorized adjectives, animalizing/militarizing metaphors, binary-related pronouns, and exaggerated quantifier-based expressions. Meanwhile, among the existing studies, it has been discovered that a meager number of studies on the recontextualization of racial representation and its influences of relevant psycholinguistic variables on discourse perceivers. In terms of research focus, the limited recontextualization studies have only focused on the representation of migrants and refugees in Poland and Islamic representation in Italy, while little attention has been paid to other marginalized racial groups. Methodologically, this review also highlights a methodological gap, as much of the existing research relies on traditional CDA frameworks, such as the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), and a multi-step model of discursive shifts, while overlooking more eclectic and synergistic approaches. Furthermore, this review critiques the limitations of recontextualization as an analytical approach, followed by final remarks and suggestions for future directions.

Early-infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EIDEE) are characterized by developmental delays and life-threatening seizures beginning in the early infantile period. The most frequent genetic cause of neonatal epilepsy is KCNQ2-associated genetic epilepsy. We determined the pathogenic variant in EIDEE cases using KCNQ2 variant screening and whole-exome sequencing (WES) approaches. The subjects were children <18 years of age with EIDEE in our hospital. We performed the KCNQ2 pathogenic variant screening using PCR on four exons and WES in our patients. We involved six patients: three males and three females, with the patient age range between 2 and 15 months old at the time of blood sampling. One pathogenic variant in exon 6 of the KCNQ2 gene, c.868G>A (p.Gly290Ser), was found in one patient. In addition, two synonymous SNVs were also found in our patient. Our study identifies one pathogenic variant in the KCNQ2 gene in one EIDEE patient. These findings led us to give the patient a sodium channel blocker, which led to improved outcomes. Our study also suggests the importance of the KCNQ2 pathogenic variant screening for selected EIDEE patients.

Alcohol is an organic solvent that can interfere with neurological function. It is frequently used as an excipient in liquid medication as a solubiliser, preservative, and odorant. The addition of alcohol to liquid medicines, especially for paediatrics, has potential risks as some alcohol metabolizing enzymes are not fully expressed in some subpopulations of paediatrics. Accumulation of alcohol in the blood interferes with normal brain function. Major medicine agencies such as the Food Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) recommend the limitation of the alcohol content in paediatric drug formulations to prevent alcohol toxicity in children. However, this recommendation has been underappreciated. This review aims to explore the current regulations on alcohol restriction in paediatric medication and the application of these regulations across different countries. The halal aspect of alcohol content in the medication was also discussed. This review will improve the understanding of the potential risk of alcohol in children as well as support the safety of liquid formulations for infants and toddlers.