ABSTRACT Tissue‐specific templates are essential for muscle differentiation as they enhance cell alignment and regeneration. Advancements in extrusion 3D printing with biomaterial inks enable customizable designs and tailored spatial arrangements. Key growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents are crucial for muscle differentiation from stem cells, with the placenta being a significant resource. This study explores human placenta ECM‐fish gelatin‐based hydrogels as a cost‐effective alternative. ECM was obtained via ultrasonication‐assisted decellularisation, which preserved its structure while removing cellular content. The research focused on placenta‐gelatin ink formulations for scaffold printing, forming an interpenetrating network hydrogel. Rheological analysis indicated that placenta‐fish gelatin biomaterial ink exhibited a higher storage modulus compared to only fish gelatin formulations. Analytical techniques such as FESEM, FTIR, and the Ninhydrin assay confirmed that the placenta hydrogels exhibit shape fidelity and achieved approximately 75 ± 7% crosslinking density. Hydrogels supported cellular proliferation and aligned growth. Myogenic differentiation involving C2C12 cells and human amniotic membrane stem cells (HAMSCs) demonstrated organized myoblasts and aligned myotubes, respectively. CAM assay revealed enhanced angiogenesis and microvascular growth with negligible hemolysis. This research offers biowaste‐derived ECM hydrogels for skeletal muscle engineering, eliminating the need for sacrificial templates or synthetic crosslinkers.

ABSTRACT Cellulose‐based nanocomposites have emerged as sustainable and versatile biomaterials with promising applications in drug delivery and antimicrobial therapy. Nanocellulose, derived from plant, algal, or bacterial sources, possesses unique features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical robustness, and low cytotoxicity. The primary forms of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) exhibit distinct structural and functional advantages suitable for biomedical applications. Despite these advances, a comprehensive synthesis of their fabrication strategies, functional modifications, and biomedical performance is lacking. This review discusses recent innovations in the design and development of cellulose‐based nanocomposites, highlighting advanced fabrication techniques including electrospinning, enzymatic functionalization, self‐assembly, and surface modification. We discussed their high surface‐to‐volume ratio, tunable degradation kinetics, and extracellular matrix‐mimicking architecture, which enhance their performance as scaffolds for tissue engineering and carriers for controlled and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, their intrinsic antibacterial activity, coupled with biocompatibility, positions them as safer alternatives to metallic nanoparticles. Emerging applications in wound healing, bone and cartilage regeneration, 3D‐printed biomaterials, and medical implants are critically evaluated. By integrating material design, functionalization, and therapeutic applications, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of cellulose‐based nanocomposites as multifunctional platforms for sustained drug delivery, infection control, and next‐generation biomedical interventions.

ABSTRACT The intratumoral microbiome has emerged as a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), playing a significant role in tumorigenesis, pathological classification, metastasis, and prognosis. The nutrient‐rich, hypoxic, acidic, and immunosuppressive nature of the TME facilitates the establishment of diverse intratumoral microbiome communities. In turn, the intratumoral microbiome further contributes to the formation of cold TME through mechanisms such as genetic and epigenetic alterations, pro‐inflammatory responses, immune modulation, tumor metastasis, and enhanced drug resistance. Targeting and eliminating the intratumoral microbiome using nanotechnology presents a unique therapeutic strategy for overcoming chemotherapy resistance and improving the immunosuppressive TME. This review summarizes the microbial characteristics of various tumors and microbiome‐mediated oncogenic mechanisms, with particular emphasis on recent advancements in nanotechnology aimed at eliminating the intratumoral microbiome and reprogramming the cold TME, thereby enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Our aim is to provide valuable insights to strengthen the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy.

ABSTRACT Pancreatic cancer, particularly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is very lethal with a poor prognosis. The outcome of traditional treatments for PDAC, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, remains unsatisfactory. Recently, immunotherapy, such as mRNA vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells (CAR‐T), has shown encouraging advancement at the early stage and provided new opportunities for pancreatic cancer treatment. However, none of the immunotherapies have induced a significant improvement in the clinical prognosis of PDAC till now. Novel pancreatic cancer therapeutic research and development have attracted scientists' keen interest. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is demonstrated to be able to not only directly induce tumor cell death through localized thermal ablation, but also promote antitumor immune response under appropriate conditions, with the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) from tumor cells, followed by activation of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and T cell infiltration to kill tumor cells. This review outlines the current treatment strategies and advances of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the latest evolving research progress based on PTT and immunotherapy. The application prospects and challenges for photothermal immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer treatment are discussed.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) infects one‐quarter of the global population and remains a global health crisis, with persistent diagnostic gaps in sensitivity, speed, and accessibility. Nanobiosensors leverage the unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials to enhance signal capture and transduction. Meanwhile, functionalized nanointerfaces reduce interference, enabling portable, multiplexed point‐of‐care testing (POCT). However, existing platforms are predominantly pathogen‐specific, leading to fragmented disease management amidst rising co‐infections and antimicrobial resistance. This review introduces a paradigm shift toward modular nanosensing platforms designed for cross‐pathogen diagnostic universality. We discuss the engineering principles that unify reconfigurable core nanomaterial scaffolds, plug‐and‐play biorecognition elements, hierarchical signal amplifiers, and universal sample processors. The plug‐and‐play approach transforms fragmented, pathogen‐specific assays into a cohesive diagnostic platform, facilitating equitable deployment in resource‐constrained settings. These platforms dynamically adapt to diverse pathogens, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) to viruses, fungi, and parasites, enabling ultrasensitive detection in complex matrices. By integrating recognition, transduction, and processing, reconfigurable systems offer rapid, low‐cost, field‐deployable diagnostics. Modular nanosensors utilize functionalized interfaces to amplify trace biomarker capture, reduce interference, and enable multiplexing, advancing high‐sensitivity, low‐cost infectious disease diagnostics. It charts a roadmap toward equitable global health against antimicrobial resistance, addressing fragmentation to tackle co‐infections and emerging pandemics in resource‐limited settings.

ABSTRACT This study explores the development and characterization of iron oxide nanoclusters (NCs) functionalized with vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) for targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of early atherosclerotic lesions. The NCs were synthesized via a high‐temperature polyol method and functionalized using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N‐hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) chemistry to enable conjugation with VCAM‐1 antibodies. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy TEM confirmed controlled growth of NCs with a size ranging from 40 nm, in the parent to 110 nm post‐functionalization, maintaining though colloidal stability in aqueous media. Cytotoxicity assays using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) demonstrated high biocompatibility. Confocal and electron microscopy confirmed specific binding of VCAM‐1‐NCs to VCAM‐1‐overexpressing MSCs under inflammatory conditions, with internalization through the endolysosomal pathway. The functionalized NCs remained bound under shear stress in an orbital flow model, mimicking early atherosclerotic conditions. MRI phantom analysis demonstrated preserved contrast capability despite increased T 2 * relaxation times following antibody conjugation. These findings highlight the potential of VCAM‐1‐NCs as noninvasive imaging agents for early‐stage atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Although this study is limited by the lack of in vivo validation and therapeutic evaluation, it provides a strong foundation for future translational research.