The relevance of studying the functional and stylistic features of genitive constructions is determined by their key role in shaping the syntactic organisation of the text, conveying semantic nuances, and revealing the stylistic specificity of Latin linguistic monuments of various genres. The aim of the study was to identify, systematise, and characterise the functional-stylistic features of genitive constructions in the Latin language, taking into account their semantic, syntactic, and text-forming parameters. The research employed a set of comprehensive methods – from sampling to contextual analysis – combining syntactic and functional approaches. A wide range of semantic nuances acquired by the genitive case depending on the context, type of phrase, and stylistic orientation of the text was analysed. The study describes the distinctions between the subjective and objective genitive, the genitive of possession, the genitive of quality, and other varieties that ensure the flexibility and polysemy of Latin expression and allow for a deeper understanding of the formal-grammatical nature of the genitive. It has been determined that the genitive in Latin not only serves as a formal marker of subordination but also functions as a means of conveying semantic precision, logical coherence, and emotional-expressive nuances. It has been substantiated that genitive constructions can emphasise the intellectual, social, or moral characteristics of a subject, creating a specific expressive effect in the text. It has been demonstrated that genitive constructions constitute an important factor in shaping the semantic structure of a Latin sentence and serve as a universal means of expressing the logical, emotional, and figurative components of the language. The results of the study are significant for further research in the fields of Latin grammar, comparative linguistics, and stylistics. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used by specialists in classical philology, translators of Latin texts, instructors of historical linguistics and stylistics, as well as scholars of ancient literature to improve the accuracy of text interpretation and enable a deeper analysis of the linguistic structure of ancient sources. The findings of the research may also be applied in future scholarly works concerning the semantic and syntactic structure of sentences

The relevance of this study is determined by the growing importance of English-language biotechnology terminology in the context of the rapid development of genomic technologies, which necessitates a systematic analysis of its morphological structure to enhance scientific communication and deepen the understanding of cognitive processes in term formation. The aim of the study was to analyse the morphological structure of English-language biotechnology terms of the genomic era through the lens of the cognitive approach. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: lexicographic, morphological, and statistical analysis, elements of the cognitive approach to terminology research, as well as methods of systematisation and generalisation. It was found that English-language biotechnology terminology actively employs term formation models involving nouns, adjectives, and participles. The vast majority of terms are represented by nouns (N), with the most common being suffixal and prefix-suffixal formations, which together account for approximately 46% of the entire term base. The distribution of terms by conceptual categories within the N morphological model shows that the largest portion is made up of objects (54%)-key elements of biotechnology research such as genomes, proteins, and cells-followed by tools (19%)-modern methods, devices, and technologies-processes (17.2%)-dynamic actions such as sequencing or editing-and goals/results (9.8%)-final products or intended outcomes. Each of the analysed structures (N, N+N, A+N, A+A+N, A+A+A+N, V-ed+N, V-ing+N) was found to be associated with specific aspects of the conceptual domain: noun-based models predominantly represent the object of study (e.g., gene expression, protein synthesis), adjective-noun constructions typically refer to tools and characteristics of processes (e.g., synthetic genomic technologies), while participial forms verbalise the results of actions, altered states, or acquired properties resulting from biotechnological interventions (e.g., engineered organism, modified gene), as well as functional features of objects (e.g., binding protein, binding site, coding sequence). Morphological analysis revealed not only the structural features of terms, but also the underlying conceptual models that reflect the patterns of scientific thinking in biotechnology and the cognitive-linguistic specificity of this dynamic field. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the obtained results in teaching English for specific purposes to students majoring in “Biotechnology and Bioengineering” 

This research paper presented an extensive and in-depth comparative examination of word-formation mechanisms in the Azerbaijani language in relation to several major world languages, specifically English, Russian, German, Turkish, and Persian. By situating Azerbaijani within a broader cross-linguistic framework, the study aimed to elucidate both typological particularities and universal patterns in morphological processes. The methodology integrated cognitive morphological analysis, corpus-based investigation, computational and digital resource modelling, and cross-linguistic typological comparison to investigate Azerbaijani morphological structures. The research demonstrated that Azerbaijani preserved its core agglutinative structure while developing hybrid formations through loan-affix integration, showing increased frequency of mixed morphological chains in digital corpora and expanding productive affixation patterns in response to contact-driven lexical influx. Empirical analysis showed that Azerbaijani morphology was both flexible and resilient, capable of generating novel lexical items and accommodating semantic shifts in response to social, technological, and intercultural developments. These findings underscored the dual character of morphological evolution: it revealed itself as universal in its structural tendencies while being uniquely shaped by the cultural and linguistic context of Azerbaijani speakers. By situating Azerbaijani morphology within the comparative landscape of world languages, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic creativity, typological variation, and the interplay between morphology and sociolinguistic dynamics, offering insights relevant to theoretical linguistics, language teaching, and applied lexicography. The practical value of this research lies in providing linguists, lexicographers, educators, and digital language-technology developers with empirically grounded models of Azerbaijani word-formation that can be directly applied to dictionary compilation, curriculum design, automated morphology processing, and the development of NLP tools such as morphological analysers and spell-checkers

Discourse is a dynamic linguistic phenomenon that occupies an intermediate position between language and speech, and its study through the lens of the internal form of the term allows for the revelation of its semantic motivation and cognitive foundations. The research aimed to investigate the functioning of terms in scientific discourse and to analyse the importance of their internal form for precise interpretation and communication. The methodological framework included descriptive, analytical, component, definitional, comparative, contextual and discourse analysis. It was revealed that a great number of terms show clear evidence of internal form indicators. The internal form is substantiated to function as a cognitive mechanism, connecting linguistic form and conceptual content. Statistical analysis confirmed that the majority of terms possess at least partial motivation, either morphological, semantic, or metaphorical. The analysis noted that metaphors play a crucial role, extending common physical experiences into abstract economic reasoning. It was further revealed that metaphors showcase the internal form as a link between empirical experience and theoretical abstraction. The cross-linguistic comparison showed that English-Ukrainian term pairs display full or partial motivation equivalence. It was identified that the internal form also preserves conceptual precision by anchoring the term to its original semantic motivation, which is particularly vital in written discourse. The findings confirmed that the internal form of a term is an active component in meaning construction and a mental schema that mediates between an abstract concept and its linguistic expression. Its cognitive, communicative, and epistemological functions were studied. The research concluded that preserving the internal form in translation and adhering to terminological standards is vital for maintaining semantic accuracy and international consistency in scientific communication 

The relevance of the proposed scholarly study was conditioned by the orientation of modern linguistics towards the study of encyclopaedics as a poly-paradigmatic science in projection onto its modern content, technical equipment and the process of encyclopaedographing  – the creation of encyclopaedic dictionaries and the development of the theoretical foundations. The aim of the work was a comprehensive investigation of the specifics of the interaction between the pretextual (title complex) and the proper textual structure of the encyclopaedic article as the basic unit of encyclopaedic discourse. The reliability of the results obtained was ensured by the use of general scientific and linguistic methods: induction and deduction, the descriptive, descriptive-analytical, comparative and biographical methods, dictionary definitions, contextual and component analysis. On the basis of an analysis of folkloristic, linguistic, literary-studies and historical encyclopaedic publications, specialised regional-biographical, sectoral regional-biographical and other sources, relevant features of the encyclopaedic text were interpreted, and the classical composition of the encyclopaedic article as the principal structural unit of universal or sectoral encyclopaedic publications was elucidated. The main focus of the study was the autosemantic-pragmatic pretextual unit  – the title  – which systematically and consistently correlated in content and in the means of language architectonics with the definitive-textual part. The immanent features (consistently actualised informativeness, rigid logicality, maximal concreteness, structuralsemantic concision, non-disputatiousness) and functions (integrative, distinctive, nominative, representative, conceptual-content, aconnotative) of the biblionym-anthroponym as an obligatory constituent of the encyclopaedic article – the most important actualiser of the post-message – were ascertained; it has a specific propositional-dictum motivational base, a strictly regulated structural organisation, and a one-way cognitive-discursive trajectory – from title to text. The fundamental criteria for identifying anthroponymic biblionyms with an identical verbal set were established. The anthroponymic-familial cross-reference was disclosed according to the identifying features “degree of kinship” [“full kinship”, “kinship of varying degrees between grandparents and grandchildren”, “collateral kinship of varying degrees”, etc.] and “degree of affinity”. The practical significance of the study conducted was determined primarily by the fact that its results can be applied to systematise, deepen and refine recommendations that directly concern the qualitative potential of preparing an encyclopaedic article

The article analysed the features of communication in social networks, as well as the essential characteristics and existing classifications of hate speech and support speech. The need for a deeper understanding of these phenomena is due to their impact on society, communication norms and the need to develop effective mechanisms for countering aggression in the network. The purpose of the study was to identify, analyse and systematise communicative strategies for expressing hate speech and support in social networks. The methodology included content analysis of texts, structural and semantic modelling and sociolinguistic observation. The results of the study showed that the language of social networks is a hybrid, which is characterised by informality and brevity such as simple sentences, agrammatisms, abbreviations; multimodality such as the use of emojis, memes, images; hypertextuality and compression such as use of hashtags, links; impact of technical limitations: character limits stimulate creativity; adaptation to censorship: modification of words to bypass moderation algorithms. Hate speech is implemented through strategies of sarcasm, manipulation, the opposition “friend-stranger” and the use of modified vocabulary to bypass censorship. Supportive speech is mainly expressed through strategies of emotional support, informational assistance and the use of verbal and nonverbal markers (likes, retweets, hashtags). The interaction of polar discourses of hostility and support in the digital environment reflects the adaptation of communicative practices to the conditions of online communication and moderation algorithms. The study found that these discourses often exist in parallel spaces (for example, in replies to the same tweet). A common strategy for both is the use of the opposition "friend-stranger". Supportive speech often arises as a reaction to hate speech, forming a mechanism of collective resistance

The linguistic and stylistic features of translating political speeches, a vital component of political discourse, play a pivotal role in shaping public opinion, influencing political decisions, and reflecting the ideologies and power dynamics inherent in political processes. By focusing on the translation of political speeches, the research aimed to classify and systematise the linguistic and stylistic features inherent to this discourse, identify core terminology and types, and analyse translation strategies. This enabled a deeper understanding of how political messages are adapted across languages and how translation mediates the communication of power, ideology, and public engagement in the modern world. The research, grounded in a broad and diverse set of primary and secondary sources, employed qualitative and quantitative text analysis, comparative, discourse and pragmatic analysis, case studies, surveys, back-translation method, stylistic annotation, observation, selection, systematisation, description, classification, provided a comprehensive examination of the linguistic and stylistic features involved in the translation of political speeches. By analysing original political texts and their translations – including addresses by Presidents G.W. Bush, B. Obama, J. Biden, D. Trump, and V. Zelenskyy – the research offered insight into how political intent, rhetorical strategies, and ideological nuances are preserved, adapted, or transformed in translation. It proved that the functional specificity of political discourse – suggestive, persuasive, informative, and expressive – highlights its role in articulating national ideologies and engaging with global audiences. It is substantiated that evaluation, as a central feature, bridges emotionality, expressiveness, and affectivity, offering insights into how political messages resonate with or challenge societal values. The findings revealed that political language remains a vital medium for articulating values, shaping ideologies, and navigating the complex interplay of history, culture, and governance. The research findings can be practically applied by political communication specialists, translators, diplomats, and international relations analysts to more accurately convey the content and stylistic features of political speeches, thereby enhancing intercultural communication and improving the understanding of political intentions globally

The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the functioning of language as a marker of identity and a means of hybridisation in the literature representing the experience of migration. In the course of the research, methods of qualitative content analysis of literary texts with a focus on the language strategies of characters and discursive analysis were used, which allowed for identifying narrative mechanisms of identity formation. The study was conducted in an interdisciplinary paradigm that combines the approaches of cultural philosophy, semiotics, and postcolonial criticism. The analysis was based on digital text processing and manual semantic encoding of key fragments related to the topics of exile, language conflict, hybridity, and self- presentation. As a result, it was determined that linguistic hybridity in a literary text is not only a means of expressing transcultural experience but also a tool of resistance to assimilation. Ukrainian texts are dominated by the theme of loss of linguistic integrity and internalised identity crisis in the context of a sociolinguistic gap. Language is represented as a space of internal conflict between memory and adaptation, in which personal disintegration unfolded. Instead, the Latin American context demonstrated language strategy as a form of political gesture: colonial layering on the hero’s linguistic body generated narratives of translation, splitting, and release through multilingualism or inversion of linguistic hierarchies. Comparative analysis allowed for identifying models according to which language in the literature of migration experience performs a dual function – as a traumatic consequence of expulsion and as a means of symbolic resistance and preservation of subjectivity. The practical importance of the study is the possibility of applying its conclusions to the humanitarian interpretation of migration culture, the formation of cultural memory policy, and the development of educational approaches to the topic of identity in a globalised world