textual analysis is anchored in the interpretive process of understanding. It is crucial to interpret texts accurately, ensuring that their meaning reflects the intended legal or philosophical context. This is especially true for legal texts, which carry an inherent responsibility to uphold justice, making precise interpretation all the more important. Achieving such understanding necessitates the use of hermeneutics, which provides systematic tools for interpreting texts broadly and legal texts specifically. Hermeneutics is generally categorized into classical hermeneutics and philosophical hermeneutics. This article explores classical hermeneutics, its various forms, the philosophers who established and advanced it, and how it facilitates the interpretation of legal texts, with particular emphasis on Iranian law.

The swift progression of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has had a profound effect on various sectors, dramatically altering how digital content is produced, disseminated, and consumed. Within the sphere of social media, AI-generated content is gaining prominence, offering individuals, influencers, and organizations new tools to craft content that is not only high in quality but also personalized and interactive. These developments have made it possible to create engaging digital experiences with greater efficiency and precision. However, alongside the benefits of AI-assisted content creation, new ethical and security challenges have emerged. Technologies such as Deepfakes, which use AI to fabricate realistic but false audio and video content, pose significant concerns. These concerns include the spread of misinformation, the potential for fraud, and threats to cognitive security and public trust. While AI improves innovation, fosters engagement, and allows for content tailored to specific audiences, the misuse of AI—particularly through Deepfake applications—raises critical questions about authenticity, transparency, and accountability in the digital landscape.

The study aims to shed light on the importance of digitizing the Arabic linguistic heritage and its role in preserving the linguistic and cultural identity of the nation, and highlight its potential in the development of contemporary linguistic research, and the research poses a problem that : to what extent can the digitization of the Arabic linguistic heritage contribute to its preservation, revival, and activate its presence in modern linguistic studies, and what challenges hinder its transition to a digital environment The study also reviews the technical, methodological and cultural challenges facing digitization projects, such as the diversity of Arabic fonts, the lack of human expertise, and the absence of unified standards, highlighting Arab and international experiences and lessons learned from them, in order to provide a clear scientific vision for the development of digitization projects of Arab heritage to serve scientific research and education.

This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and employability readiness among undergraduate and postgraduate business management students. Drawing on a sample of 320 students from three universities, the research uses standardized scales to measure entrepreneurial competencies (opportunity recognition, risk-taking, innovation, resource mobilization, and networking) and employability readiness (career clarity, workplace skills, self-management, and job-search competencies). Quantitative analysis (descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression) shows that entrepreneurial skills are positively associated with employability readiness, with opportunity recognition and self-management emerging as the strongest predictors. The study discusses implications for curriculum design, co-curricular programming, and industry-academia linkages, and offers recommendations for educators and policymakers to integrate entrepreneurship education with employability-focused training. Limitations and directions for future research are noted.

Since 2017, the steady escalation in the scale of challenges and risks that have come to threaten human existence has prompted us to undertake both theoretical and field-based in quiries into the obstacles and difficulties that, to this day, continue to prevent the Algerian school system from fulfilling its pivotal role in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Vision. This occurs at a time when many societies have succeeded in turning their schools into reservoirs of innovative solutions that have contributed to the realisation of the 2030Sustainable Development Vision endorsed by the United Nations to mitigate the risks facingus. The study concludes that there is a set of requirements, clarified in the main body of the article, that those responsible for the education sector must implement to attain the desired objective.

Cognitive orientation in the human and social sciences is fundamentally defined by the goal science seeks to achieve. These goals are rooted in philosophical and empirical premises, bounded by conceptual frameworks that must be primarily ethical and only secondarily cognitive. Addressing scientific issues and problems in social science carries a unique weight, characterized by the need for epistemological caution in both its theoretical and practical application. This caution is non-negotiable because the subject matter is intimately linked to the humanity of the individual and the scale of functional and cognitive imbalance that incorrect interpretations could unleash. Errors might stem from a flawed understanding of a phenomenon's cumulative development or a mistaken view of its necessary future state (i.e., its proper qualitative treatment).A historical review of social science theory and knowledge reveals a pattern of guided haste in practically steering social phenomena, often through social engineering designed to serve the economic objectives of industrial society. This history vividly illustrates the magnitude of the epistemic deviations that have been, and regrettably continue to be, practiced in the field of the orizing within the social sciences.

Purpose: This study examines the impact of bank digital transformation on small and medium enterprise (SME) credit accessibility in emerging markets, investigating how regulatory frameworks moderate this relationship across diverse institutional contexts. Methodology: The analysis employs panel data from 487 banks across 25 emerging market economies during 2018-2023, utilizing fixed-effects regression models with interaction terms and system GMM estimation to address endogeneity concerns. Digital transformation is measured through a composite index incorporating digital channel penetration, fintech applications, and infrastructure investment, while SME credit accessibility combines loan approval rates and credit portfolio allocation metrics. Findings: Digital transformation positively affects SME credit accessibility, though the economic magnitude remains moderate (β = 0.183, p < 0.05). Regulatory quality significantly moderates this relationship but with limited amplification effects (18% enhancement). Heterogeneous impacts emerge across development levels, with middle-income countries and Asian markets demonstrating stronger relationships than low-income and African contexts. Medium-sized banks exhibit superior transformation effectiveness compared to both large and small institutions. Conclusion: Technological adoption alone cannot overcome structural barriers to SME financing in emerging markets, requiring complementary institutional reforms and calibrated regulatory frameworks. Practical Implications: Policymakers should pursue comprehensive strategies integrating digital infrastructure development with institutional capacity building, regulatory experimentation, and market structure reforms rather than relying solely on technological solutions for financial inclusion objectives.

The current era is witnessing technological developments that have imposed themselves on all areas of life, including education. Its objectives, methods, and approaches have changed,and new terms and labels have emerged for modern learning methods: e-learning, distance learning, and digital learning. All of these methods explore the use of digital technology in the teaching and learning process Digital learning can be considered a new teaching method that delivers educational content and conveys skills and concepts to learners through information and communication technologies and their various media, enabling learners to actively interact with the content andthe teacher. Therefore, one of the objectives of this chapter is to introduce digital technology,the most important modern means and media in education, and their importance in promoting Arabic language teaching.

In the early Republic of China period, although Xinjiang's alcohol administration largely aligned with that of inland China, its implementation exhibited unique characteristics due to the region's remoteness. Under the administrations of Yang Zengxin and Jin Shuren, the local government adopted a combination of direct taxation and tax farming, establishing relatively low and decentralized taxation standards. After 1915, with the introduction of the central earmarked funds system, Xinjiang's connection with the central government significantly strengthened, even though regional differences in tax collection persisted. During Sheng Shicai’s rule, Xinjiang's alcohol tax system began to develop independently, abolishing tax farming and standardizing the taxation framework. Through policies such as special consumption taxes, Sheng implemented effective oversight of the alcohol industry, thereby promoting regulatory normalization. After direct governance was established by the Nationalist Government, policies from Sheng Shicai’s era were further refined, aligning Xinjiang’s alcohol administration more closely with inland standards and strengthening supervision of alcohol taxation. Nevertheless, towards the end of the Republican era, abnormal increases in central government alcohol taxes and flawed institutional designs severely damaged Xinjiang’s alcohol industry, becoming a key factor in its decline.

In order to thoroughly implement the overall requirements of <Beijing Municipal Master Plan (2016-2035)>conductive to coordinated development of traffic and city, strengthen the integrated planning and construction of rail transit stations and surrounding land, and achieve the organic integration of rail transit facilities and urban functions, rail transit construction planning is combined to promote the close connection between rail transit station and surrounding land planning, form the coordinated development mechanism between the rail and the city, thereby improving the urban comprehensive service function effectively. This paper, by drawing from the design experience of integration project ‘Dongfeng Station Micro Center of Beijing Rail Transit Line No. 3’, from the aspects of urban function improvement and land composite utilization, explores the overall development path of underground and above-ground space for rail micro center and provides reference for more efficient, three-dimensional and intensive use of space resources of national land.