Despite decades of development, the fast food industry still shows considerable room for expansion. Market resources are becoming increasingly concentrated among leading brands, while local enterprises are also rising quickly by relying on cultural adaptation and regional advantages. Alongside internationally recognized companies such as McDonald's and KFC, Japanese restaurant brands including Yoshinoya and Ajisen Ramen have established a strong presence in East Asian markets. At the same time, Chinese brands such as Mixue Ice Cream & Tea and Tastien have accelerated their overseas expansion and gradually strengthened their influence in Southeast Asia. This study adopts case analysis and literature review as its primary research approaches to investigate how consumer preferences differ under various cultural backgrounds and how fast food enterprises coordinate global brand identity with localization strategies during international expansion. Through the discussion of cross-cultural marketing practices in the catering industry, the paper aims to enrich existing theoretical research and provide practical references for the international development of other service-oriented industries.

Rules governing the effectiveness of real estate registration underpin property security and transaction reliability. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong SAR) common law regime adopts the registration-opposition principle, under which property changes take effect by party agreement and registration mainly operates against third parties. Mainland China's civil law system follows the registration-effectiveness principle, making registration mandatory for valid property changes. Amid the integration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), cross-border real estate transactions have increased, while conflicting registration rules have produced persistent disputes over ownership determination and contract enforcement. Focusing on ownership conflicts and performance dilemmas in GBA cross-border real estate deals, this paper compares the theoretical foundations and institutional disparities between the two regimes, draws on Hong Kong SAR's legal-equitable title structure, and proposes feasible pathways for regulatory alignment. The findings help resolve cross-jurisdictional legal frictions, protect transaction security, and support rule-of-law coordination and institutional improvement of real estate registration in the GBA and mainland China.

Recently, many people have been discussing the idea of diversity in politics and society. However, one cannot help but wonder what exactly this "diversity" is referring to; is it only an outward show, or does it have practical benefits that require institutional support from public policy? Although diversity is both intrinsically and extrinsically beneficial, these values will be better realised through equal opportunity and merit-based channels rather than by mandatory affirmative action quotas. Based on the classical theories of justice and recognition, as well as current empirical studies and policies, three national cases are analyzed in this paper—post-apartheid Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa, preferential college admission policies for ethnic minorities in China, and the United States context after Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023). Although the mandatory diversity plan has raised the proportion of some groups to a certain extent in a short time, tokenism and social discontent may also be emerging; thus, the aim of cultivating all-around diversity will not be fully achieved. On the other hand, a merit-and-opportunity system can produce diversity naturally by expanding access to it; it is not a result of special arrangements for particular groups. Expanding educational and economic opportunities provides more stable ways for people to achieve the purpose of diversity.

As generative artificial intelligence, machine learning, and predictive analytics tools continue to enter government governance scenarios, public decision-making is shifting from “digital assistance” to “algorithmic embedding.” While artificial intelligence can enhance the efficiency of policy identification, resource allocation, and risk early warning, its use in public decision-making also brings about compound risks, such as data bias, model opacity, outsourcing of responsibility, algorithmic bias, and compromised procedural justice. Based on interdisciplinary research at the intersection of public administration and technology law, this paper employs a methodology combining normative analysis, literature review, and comparative institutional analysis to address three central questions: “How does AI reshape the risk structure of public decision-making?” “Why are existing ethical and legal regulations insufficient?” and “How can a regulatory framework be established that balances efficiency and rights?” The study argues that the core gap in current regulation lies not merely in the absence of “human oversight,” but in the lack of procedural intensity designs commensurate with decision-making risks. Based on this, the paper proposes a “tiered risk–procedural intensity matching” framework: according to the functional role and degree of rights impact of AI in public decision-making, differentiated measures such as registration and disclosure, algorithmic impact assessments, external audits, objection remedies, procurement transparency, and prohibition lists should be applied. This framework helps translate ethical principles into enforceable institutional arrangements.

In the context of economic globalization and technological globalization, international patent parallel litigation is increasing day by day, and the injunction system has gradually become the focus of judicial games in various countries. However, China's relevant laws are still blank and urgently need systematic research. The injunction originated in the Anglo American legal system, aiming to regulate parallel litigation by restricting parties' litigation in foreign courts. However, its application has also led to issues such as jurisdictional expansion, conflicts of judicial sovereignty, and weakening of the principle of international courtesy. Therefore, starting from the practical experience of international patent litigation, this article analyzes the core controversies and practical difficulties faced by the injunction system in practice, including its impact on the principle of territoriality of patent rights, the intensification of judicial confrontation, and the failure of international coordination mechanisms. On this basis, this article proposes that China should build a systematic response system from three levels: defensive mechanism construction, cautious construction of local injunction system, and advocacy of multilateral dialogue and cooperation, in order to safeguard national judicial sovereignty and the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises, and contribute Chinese wisdom to the stability of the international intellectual property governance order.

Multilateralism is the cornerstone of the global economic governance system, but the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, one of its important components, has been paralyzed by the suspension of the Appellate Body since 2019. From the perspective of multilateralism, this study analyzes the deep-seated reasons for the paralysis of World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism. It owns for America's strategy of maintaining its global economic and trade hegemony. And the dilemma of reform is the difficulties and limitations of existing programs. It is found that the core path to breaking the deadlock in reform lies in returning to and reshaping the core values of multilateralism. China should actively unite with the EU and the developing countries. Enhancing the right to speak and influence in WTO reform negotiations. Repairing and optimizing the dispute settlement mechanism and maintaining the global multilateral economic and trade order. This article provides a reference for the reform of WTO dispute settlement mechanism.

This paper regards gender-based violence as a form of structural violence that spans different cultural and social contexts. It argues that gender-based violence is reproduced and sustained through interwoven power systems within state institutions and social structures. Using a comparative research method, the paper examines two cases: gender-based violence against Native American women in North America and violence against women in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong SAR). In the North American context, the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women crisis exposes how legal restrictions and institutional failures under colonial governance have increased Indigenous women's exposure to violence. In this case, structural violence operates through the state system, making it difficult for Indigenous women to obtain effective protection from public authorities while they remain socially marginalised. By contrast, the case of Hong Kong SAR shows that gender-based violence may persist even within a relatively stable legal system, where violence is more deeply embedded in family structures, patriarchal values and cultural norms.

As the development of generative Artificial Intelligence Technology continues to advance, problems related to Copyright Infringement caused by AI-generated Works are rising more frequently; In particular, User Liability due to Use of such Technologies is also On-the-rise. Systematically analyse the liability determination pathways of direct infringement, contributory infringement and fair use defences triggered by artificial intelligence-generated content in relation to substantial similarity under the specific circumstances of AI. Further demonstrate the difficulties of adapting to traditional safe harbours for AI governance. According to this, the paper presents a phased-separated and subject-based liability-sharing mechanism. Considering both types of criteria that belong to the "controls" and "Contextualisation", so as to find an appropriate way between technological innovation and copyright protection. This offers viable theoretical reference for optimising copyright systems in the AI era.

In the digital economy era, cross-border data flow emerged as a core driver of global economic development, while also posing profound governance challenges including threats to personal privacy rights and national data sovereignty security. No unified, universally accepted global governance system for cross-border data flows has yet been established. This study systematically clarifies the core differences in the governance models of the European Union (EU), the United States (US), and China: the EU has built a human rights-based, rule-export-oriented system featuring "strictness externally and looseness internally"; the US promotes a market-driven hegemonic framework of "lenient entry and strict exit"; and China coordinates security and development, forming a classified balanced mechanism for "secure flow". This paper analyzes the underlying logic behind these differences, providing a reference for China to improve relevant systems and enhance its voice in global digital governance, while noting that further research expansion is needed in the dimensions of corporate compliance and emerging scenarios.

The past few years have seen a decrease in students' academic burden, offering new possibilities to strengthen classroom learning at the primary level. Within this context, primary school Chinese classrooms play a growing role in supporting students' language development and thinking abilities. This study explores practical approaches for cultivating innovative thinking in primary school Chinese language teaching. Through a review of relevant literature and analysis of classroom teaching practices, the study examines several instructional strategies, including questioning and critical inquiry, the development of divergent thinking, imagination-based activities, and the integration of classroom learning with extracurricular reading. The result suggest that open and guided instructional design can effectively encourage students to engage in active thinking and creative expression. The findings provide practical insights for promoting innovative thinking in primary school Chinese classrooms under conditions of reduced academic burden.