Abstract: Sentences with syntactic movement out of sentential complements of manner-of-speaking (MoS) verbs (e.g. whisper , shout ) are degraded in acceptability, an effect called the manner-of-speaking (MoS) island effect. Accounts variably attribute the MoS island effect to the violation of the subjacency condition, to the low frequency of MoS verbs taking sentential complements, or to a general information-structural constraint that discourse-backgrounded constituents cannot be extracted. In five acceptability judgment experiments, we find that the MoS island effect can be modulated by foregrounding or backgrounding the extracted constituent, suggesting a causal relationship between discourse backgroundedness and this effect. Our findings challenge syntactic and frequency accounts of the MoS island effect.

Abstract: A central task in sound change research is to account for the emergence of new phonological categories from patterns of synchronic phonetic variation. To this end, a comparison was made of two English dialects differing in their phonologization of coarticulatory vowel nasalization using real-time magnetic resonance imaging of the velum and tongue and their synchronization with the glottal signal. This was done for coda vowel-nasal (VN) sequences preceding voiced and voiceless stops. The results showed that a later phasing of N’s oral gesture and an earlier onset of aperiodicity in the nasal consonant were two of the main physiological factors likely to lead to sound change in voiceless VNC̥ clusters. They were also consistent with models of compensatory lengthening by which the vowel is lengthened and the oral gesture of the nasal consonant is shortened as sound change progresses.

Abstract: A recurring narrative in studies of syntactic change is that hypotaxis gains ground at the expense of parataxis. This report shows that this claim—if construed as a quantitative claim about the frequency of different types of clause combining—finds little support in parsed diachronic corpora of seven languages. Genre appears to be a factor that substantially influences the proportion of hypotaxis found in a text in consistent ways, but time does not.

Abstract: This article documents an evolutionary pathway from parataxis via the correlative construction to finite subordination in the Ugric languages. The first step of the emergence of finite subordination is the appearance of a paratactic precorrelative sentence pair, with an indefinite pronoun in the first sentence that is anaphorically resumed in the second sentence. This pattern, witnessed in the SOV Ob-Ugric languages, developed into a full-fledged correlative construction in Hungarian by the end of the twelfth century. In Hungarian, drifting to head-initial grammar, the correlative construction is shown to have been both the source of the evolution of finite relative clauses and the source of the grammaticalization of finite complement clauses. The path to finite relativization involved the reversal of clause order and the reanalysis of the relative clause as an adjunct of its main-clause correlate. Finite complementation evolved in the context of say -verbs by the integration of their paratactic propositional complement with the use of the correlative pattern of subordination. The relative pronoun was recategorized as a complementizer. The complement clause, first construed as an adjunct of the main clause, later came to be subordinated to the VP, eliciting verbal agreement when functioning as an object. The developmental path pointed out in the Ugric languages bears on theoretical debates concerning the status of parataxis and of nonfinite and finite subordination in the synchrony and diachrony of human language, and provides typological parallels for the interpretation of controversial data from the early history of Indo-European languages.

Abstract: Given historical and contemporary hegemonic discourse that portrays the United States as a monolingual nation, a critical perspective is needed to counter this societal erasure of bi/multilingualism. The present study reports on an introductory linguistics course about bilingualism in the US that adopted critical language awareness as its pedagogical framework. Results from an end-of-semester survey show that students from diverse linguistic backgrounds (monolingual English, heritage language, L2 world language, and L2 English speakers) demonstrated critical awareness about language, albeit with some differences that were mediated by their linguistic backgrounds. Implications for linguistics and world language programs, as well as adaptations for future iterations of the course, are also discussed.

Abstract: In many Malayic languages (western Austronesian), subjects can undergo A′-movement (relativization, wh-movement, focus movement, and topicalization) without any special qualification, whereas nonsubject nominals can A′-move only if the verb appears without a voice prefix. We propose a novel account for the syntax of voice alternations in Malayic languages, synthesizing insights from the prior proposals of Aldridge 2008b and Nomoto 2015, 2021. Adopting the view that the predicate constitutes a phase (Chomsky 2000, 2001), with word order determined at each phase level (Fox & Pesetsky 2005), our proposal derives both the general subject-only A′-extraction restriction and its limited exception and associated morphological restrictions. The proposal is motivated by our original data on voice and extraction in Suak Mansi Desa, a previously undescribed Malayic language of western Borneo, which we then extend to Standard Indonesian and Standard Malay, as well as various other dialects and languages of the region.