This research was motivated by the low ability of students to understand mathematical concepts, particularly in the topic of trigonometric ratios. The CORE model was chosen because it encourages active student participation in constructing concepts through systematic stages. The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and practical CORE-based worksheet on trigonometric ratios to support students' conceptual understanding. The development process followed the 4-D model (define, design, development, disseminate). Research data consisted of qualitative input from validators and students, as well as quantitative data from questionnaire scores. Data collection was conducted through interviews and questionnaires using validation sheets and student response instruments. The sample was selected through purposive sampling: 6 students from class XE.1 (Small Group) and 30 students from class XE.3 (Field Test). A worksheet is considered valid and practical if it achieves its values. The results showed that the developed worksheet was very valid (94.31%) based on appearance, content, and construction aspects. It was also very practical, with scores of 97.36% for Small Group and 90.13% for Field Test, assessed based on presentation, ease of use, readability, and time. CORE based worksheets encourage students to actively construct concepts actively actively, thereby facilitating their ability to conceptual understand trigonometric ratios.

This study contributes to mathematics education by clarifying how independent learning supports students’ creative thinking processes, particularly in vocational contexts where autonomy and problem-solving skills are crucial. This study focuses on students' learning independence and creative thinking skills with the aim of determining whether there is a relationship between learning independence and creative thinking skills among vocational high school students. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a correlational method conducted at one of the vocational high schools in Tangerang City, Banten Province. The sample in this study consisted of 30 students from the 10th-grade Multimedia class. Data collection techniques included observation, a 24-item questionnaire, and a written test with 5 questions. The instruments were validated by experts and declared suitable for use, ensuring content validity and reliability. Based on the results of the study conducted in the Multimedia class, it can be concluded that the level of learning independence and creative thinking ability of students is above average, with 13 students (43.33%) scoring below average and 17 students (56.66%) scoring above average, and further analysis shows a strong positive correlation (r = 0.970, p < 0.01) between the two variables. Based on the hypothesis test, there is a significant relationship between learning independence and students' creative thinking ability.

Students' mathematical problem-solving skills remain a critical challenge in junior high school education, with only 5% of students able to solve problems effectively. This difficulty is compounded by abstract learning materials and a lack of engaging, culturally relevant learning media. This research project aims to develop an adventure game learning medium set in the context of Maritime Malay culture to enhance junior high school students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. The purpose of this study is to determine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the learning media. This study employed the ADDIE research method, consisting of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of this study were 35 eighth-grade students from SMP Negeri 1 Tanjungpinang. The instruments used were validation, practicality, and media effectiveness sheets. Data analysis techniques use both qualitative and quantitative methods. The material expert validation results showed an average assessment of 85.6%, indicating very valid criteria. The practicality results from the student-teacher trial showed 86.5% practicality, with very practical criteria. Furthermore, the product's effectiveness, measured using the N-Gain score, obtained a value of 0.61. Based on the data obtained, adventure games with a maritime Malay cultural context that improve mathematical problem-solving skills in junior high school students meet the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness, making them suitable for use as learning media in the mathematics learning process.

Flipped learning is an educational approach that inverts the traditional teaching pattern by giving pupils access to learning materials before class, while using classroom time to deepen their understanding. However, few studies investigate whether low-basic learners possess the readiness and digital literacy to benefit from this approach. Hence, this study examined the impact of implementing a Gamified Flipped Classroom Instructional Strategy on enhancing mathematics achievement among lower primary learners in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Employing the pre and posttest control group in line with a quasi-experimental design, 74 learners from two private primary schools participated in the research. This study employed three validated research instruments: the Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT), the Guide for Gamified Flipped Classroom Instructional Strategy (GGFCIS), and the Guide for Control Group (GCG). The MAT instrument demonstrated a reliability coefficient of 0.74 using the test-retest method. Two hypotheses were evaluated by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at a 0.05 significance level. Results indicated a significant positive effect of the gamified flipped classroom instructional strategy on learners' academic achievement in mathematics. However, no significant interaction between treatment and gender was found. The study concluded that regardless of gender, the instructional strategy improved the academic achievement of lower basic learners in mathematics. The study recommended that primary school teachers undergo training in using the gamified flipped classroom instructional Strategy for teaching mathematics to lower basic primary learners, as it promotes academic success while encouraging parental involvement in learners' learning.

Mathematical problem-solving ability among students remains low in conventional learning environments. The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) approach facilitates visualization of abstract concepts and promotes contextual learning. This study analyzes the effect of PMRI-based circle learning assisted by AR on students' problem-solving abilities. A quantitative approach was employed using a One Group Pretest pretest-posttest design with 35 eleventh-grade students from SMA Srijaya Negara Palembang. Data were collected through a mathematical problem-solving test based on Polya's four stages: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back, administered before and after the intervention. The Shapiro–Wilk test indicated that the data were normally distributed (pretest = 0.084; posttest = 0.309, both > 0.05). Paired sample t-test analysis revealed a pretest mean score of 19.37 and a posttest mean score of 66.51, with a mean difference of 47.14. The t-test result (t = -23.053, Sig. (2-tailed) < 0.001) indicated a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores. These findings demonstrate that the PMRI-based learning design assisted by AR is effective in improving students' problem-solving abilities through contextual learning experiences and interactive visualization. The results suggest that integrating PMRI with Augmented Reality in circle learning represents an effective instructional innovation for enhancing students' problem-solving abilities.

This research is motivated by the importance of mathematical representation ability. The results of the field study indicate that students' mathematical representation ability falls in the low category because they are not given the opportunity to develop their representations during the mathematics learning process. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the Kampar culture-based Problem Based Learning model to improve students' mathematical representation ability. The Kampar culture used is traditional Kampar clothing, traditional Kampar games, traditional Kampar musical instruments, and traditional Kampar food. The study population is all students of SMA N in Bangkinang City; the sample of this study is grade X students of SMA N 2 Bangkinang City. The data collection technique used is the test technique. The data analysis techniques used are the normality test, the homogeneity test, the t-test, and the one-way ANOVA. The results of the study indicate that there is effectiveness in applying the Kampar culture-based PBL model to mathematical representation ability viewed from the overall students, and there is effectiveness in applying the Kampar culture-based PBL model to mathematical representation ability viewed from the level of students' abilities.

Mathematics education in Indonesian elementary schools faces significant challenges in developing students' problem-solving skills, as evidenced by the 2022 PISA results, which showed that only 18% of Indonesian students achieved the minimum proficiency level, far below the OECD average. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach with Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to enhance fourth-grade students' mathematical problem-solving skills in Bekasi Regency. A quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group was employed, involving 52 students selected through cluster random sampling. The experimental class received RME-based PBL instruction, while the control class received PBL instruction based on the scientific approach. Data were collected using a validated problem-solving essay test and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent-samples t-tests and normalized gain scores. The results demonstrated that the RME-PBL approach significantly improved students' problem-solving skills across all measured aspects: problem identification, formulation, strategy application, and result explanation. Notably, 92% of students in the experimental class achieved good or very good categories, compared to only 22.22% in the control class. The normalized gain for the experimental class was 0.81 (high category), substantially higher than the control class's 0.41 (moderate category). It is concluded that the RME-PBL approach is significantly more effective than the scientific-PBL approach in enhancing elementary students' mathematical problem-solving abilities.

Mathematical communication skills are essential for learning mathematics. Nevertheless, many students still demonstrate low proficiency, particularly among junior high school students. This study aimed to describe and analyze students' mathematical communication abilities regarding the Pythagorean theorem. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a sample of 20 eighth-grade students at SMPN 2 Pekanbaru. Data were collected using a mathematical communication ability test in problem-solving. The test consisted of three essay questions based on indicators of mathematical communication skills. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results indicate that the mathematical communication ability of eighth-grade students at SMPN 2 Pekanbaru on the Pythagorean theorem topic falls into the low category, with an average score of 32.91. Based on the test indicators, the ability to represent everyday problems using mathematical language was categorized as low (26%). Interpreting images into mathematical symbols and language was moderate (43%), while presenting statements into mathematical models was also low (28%). These findings indicate that students are not yet able to communicate their mathematical thinking processes in a coherent manner. The implication is that instructional practices should provide opportunities for students to explain their problem solving steps and consistently engage in mathematical communication during classroom activities.

This study examined the effect of the flipped classroom model and creative mathematics activities and games on mathematics achievement. Two equivalent 4th-grade students from a public school in Kırıkkale, Turkey, were randomly selected to create experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of 25 students, while the control group consisted of 27 students. Before the application, a mathematics achievement test prepared by the curriculum was applied to both groups, while Mathematics game videos following the curriculum were ready for the experimental group. Then, application studies were carried out with the experimental group for 4 weeks. Meanwhile, no intervention was made in the control group, and their traditional teaching continued. At the end of 4 weeks, the mathematics achievement test was re-administered to both groups, and the results were compared. While the difference between the experimental group's pre- and posttest mean scores is 16,68, the difference between the control group's pre and posttest mean scores is 6,37. As a result, it was concluded that creative games and activities combined with the flipped classroom model increased mathematics achievement. The study recommended designing creative activities with the flipped classroom model to increase success in other courses, such as mathematics.