To explore the relationship between depression and life meaning of police college students, and analyze the mediating effects of negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 400 police college students by convenient sampling method. A general information questionnaire, negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire, meaning of life questionnaire, core self- evaluations scale, and the center for epidemiologic studies depression Scale were administered to the students. The relationship between negative cognitive processing bias, core self-evaluation, depression and sense of meaning in life was analyzed by Pearson. Amos 26.0 software was used to establish the structural equation model and test the mediation effect. A total of 410 questionnaires were received in this study, and 400 valid questionnaires were obtained by excluding incomplete data, with an effective rate of 97.56%. Pearson correlation analysis showed that depression was negatively correlated with sense of life meaning and core self-evaluation. It was positively correlated with negative cognitive processing bias (P < 0.05). Negative cognitive processing bias and its dimensions were negatively correlated with sense of life meaning and core self-evaluation (P < 0.05). The core self-evaluation was positively correlated with the sense of life meaning (P < 0.05). In addition, negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation play a chain mediating effect between depression and sense of meaning in life. The total indirect effect accounted for 72.65% of the total effect, among which the specific mediating effect of core self-evaluation accounted for 18.39%, the specific mediating effect of negative cognitive processing bias accounted for 43.05%, and the chain mediating effect of negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation between depression and life meaning accounted for 11.21%. There is significant correlation between depression and sense of meaning of life, negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation, and the negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation play a chain mediating effect between depression and sense of meaning of life. Therefore, while paying attention to students’ depression, we should pay attention to the assessment of negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluation level, and take targeted measures to reduce the impact of students’ depression on their sense of meaning in life.

Maladaptive beliefs have been a focus of research in both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the OCD literature, beliefs that have typically been studied include inflated responsibility, overestimation of threat, perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, and importance and control of thoughts. Meanwhile, in the PTSD literature, negative beliefs about the self, the world, and others have been the focus. We propose that many beliefs commonly studied in the context of OCD research are also relevant to PTSD. Specifically, we propose that trauma may make individuals vulnerable to particular categories of beliefs, whereas other categories may represent pre-existing risk factors. Our theoretical paper highlights how these beliefs have been measured in prior OCD and PTSD research and identifies belief categories that may be clinically relevant but historically under-assessed among individuals with PTSD. Finally, we discuss potential clinical interventions for addressing obsessive beliefs in the context of PTSD treatment.

Cognitive models have been developed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of depression. Whilst the traditional cognitive model is the most widely tested and emphasizes core cognitions, the metacognitive model emphasizes the role of metacognitions. To determine which belief domain is more relevant in the understanding of depression would have theoretical and clinical implications. However, only a few studies have investigated this issue, and no studies have focused on concomitants of depression beyond symptoms. Thus, our aim was to analyse the relative contribution of core cognitive and metacognitive beliefs to depression and its concomitants. Two cross-sectional studies were carried out. Study 1 (N = 701) examined the relative contribution of core cognitive beliefs and metacognitive beliefs to depressive symptoms in a large sample. Study 2 (N = 293) sought to replicate the results focusing not only on depressive symptoms but also on behavioral activation factors. Regression analyses showed that both core cognitive and metacognitive beliefs significantly contributed to depression and behavioral activation. In both studies, core cognitive beliefs about disconnection and rejection and negative metacognitive beliefs about social consequences of rumination had unique contributions to depression. Regarding behavioral activation, core cognitive beliefs were consistently associated whereas the contribution from metacognitive beliefs varied: positive metacognitive beliefs added explicative variance to avoidance/rumination, whilst negative metacognitive beliefs about social consequences did so to social impairment. These findings provide additional empirical support for the role of core cognitive beliefs and metacognitions in depression. We discuss clinical implications and future directions.

This study investigated the effects of an online emotion regulation-based intervention on both trait- and state-anger among individuals with high trait-anger. The intervention consisted of one training session followed by six practice sessions, during which participants were instructed to either reappraise (n = 26), accept (n = 30), or act neutrally (n = 22) in response to their momentary anger. Following each practice session, participants received personalized feedback and guidelines for employing their assigned subsequent emotion regulation strategies in anger-provoking situations. State-anger ratings were collected during each practice session, and the trait-anger level was assessed at three-time points (before, after, and one month following the intervention). Results indicated a significant time effect for both state- and trait-anger, in the reappraisal and acceptance groups; however, neither strategy demonstrated a significant advantage over the control condition. Potential explanations are suggested, along with directions for further research.

The question of the therapists’ self-disclosure and exposure, deliberate or unintentional, has been extensively discussed in recent decades. Young therapists often grapple with the complexities of exposing their age-related information, particularly when working with older patients. We propose the term “inferred exposure” to denote situations in which the exposure is not a matter of choice, it being evident from the therapist’s appearance. In these cases, the therapist has no discretion about whether to divulge this information but how to navigate it constructively. The extant literature does not provide the tools and insights to support young therapists facing these challenges. This article focuses on specific challenges regarding inferred exposure and the need for self-disclosure when working with aging patients. In such cases, therapists are frequently younger than their clients, engendering inherent fundamental gaps that may be discussed or avoided but always influence the therapeutic process. We gathered information from group discussions and supervision sessions with graduate students in training. Using descriptions of therapeutic interactions, we present a framework for deliberating about this inevitable aspect of therapist exposure regarding their age and its effect on treatment. We integrate insights from the literature on self-disclosure to propose strategies for young therapists and their supervisors to utilize inferred exposure effectively, using self-disclosure, nurturing the therapeutic alliance, and addressing alliance ruptures.

The aim of the study is the adaptation of the 7-item version of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ-7) for the Hungarian sample. The factor structure of CFQ-7, the invariance of the structure in different groups, and its relationship with depression, anxiety and stress were previously confirmed by several different studies. This study discusses these analyses within one framework, and the invariance between the different subgroups in a broader context. The sample consisted of 1231 participants (average age 29.35, SD = 11.10). Mainly women took part in the study (n = 805, 75.56%). Most participants were single (n = 494, 41.1%) and had a secondary school degree (714, 58.0%). The participants completed the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ-7), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Satisfaction With Life Survey (SWLS) and White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). The results confirm the one-factor structure of the CFQ-7 (χ2 = 69.24, df = 12, p <.001, χ2/df = 5.37, CFI = 0.985, TLI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.062 [90% CI 0.048, 0.077], SRMR = 0.020.) with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.918) and test-retest reliability (r =.665). The measurement tool shows configural, metric, and scalar invariance in groups separated by age, gender, education and psychological treatment history. Its strong correlation with psychological inflexibility (AAQ-II) and general tendency to suppress thoughts (WBSI) (r =.79 and r =.62); moderate correlation with general psychological distress (DASS-21; r =.59), depression (r =.57), anxiety (r =.59) and stress (r =.61); finally life satisfaction (SWLS; r = −.38) proves external validity of the CFQ-7. The one-factor structure of the questionnaire was confirmed, and its items can be well adapted to Acceptance Commitment Therapy, and also to Cognitive Therapy interventions. Its factorial invariance can be confirmed in different groups. However due to the characteristics of the sample - mainly women, young adults and those without a psychiatric history participated in the study -, further examination of the CFQ-7 in a clinical sample with current psychiatric conditions would be useful.

Aggression and depression are two of the most common forms of psychosocial difficulties in adolescents. High prevalence and disabling effects stress the need for more cost-effective interventions. Studies show that the two difficulties are closely linked regarding comorbidity, risk factors, consequences and theoretical background, making it interesting to investigate whether an intervention targeting one of them could also reduce the other. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the association between aggression and depression and to investigate whether a treatment that has been found effective in reducing depression—“Adolescents coping with depression course” (ACDC), a group-based cognitive behavioural intervention-, could also reduce aggression, either directly, or indirectly via reducing depression. The data came from a randomized control trial, with a pre- post- and follow-up longitudinal design. In total 228 youth participated in the study, of which 133 received the ACDC-intervention and 95 received usual care. Correlation analysis showed that aggression and depression were associated at all time points. Structural equation modelling showed that the intervention did have neither direct nor indirect effect on aggression. Our conclusion is that future CBT interventions with a primary aim to reduce depression might have to design intervention components that are more directly targeted toward aggression if also this potential comorbid difficulty should be addressed. Previous studies have found higher levels of comorbid aggression among depressed boys than girls. Few boys in our sample may thereby have reduced statistical power to detect potential influences on aggression.Trial Registration: ISRCTN registry ISRCTN19700389. Registered 6 October 2015. Full Protocol: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0954-y

According to the ABC model of positive feelings, responding to positive activating events with irrational beliefs will result in dysfunctional positive feelings. Evidencing the role of irrational beliefs in dysfunctional positive feelings may have important clinical implications. However, no study has tested this model. Here, we tested the ABC model of positive feelings based on the REBT model of emotion. 115 participants had to imagine eight anticipatory positive situations. Then they reported how vividly they imagined the situations, and what they would believe and feel if they were in each situation. After that, they completed a hypomania scale, a general measure of positive irrational beliefs, and a general measure of irrational beliefs about adverse events. Results showed that situational positive primary irrational beliefs mediate the effect of vividness of imagining positive situations on dysfunctional positive feelings (b = 2.436, 95% CI: LL = 1.314 to UL = 3.832) while situational preferences mediated the effect of positive events on functional positive feelings (b = 0.642, 95% CI: LL = 0.165 to UL = 1.209). Moreover, the effect of positive primary irrational beliefs on dysfunctional positive feelings was mediated by secondary positive irrational beliefs such as positive intolerance (b = 3.826, 95% CI: LL = 0. 370; to UL = 7.740), and extreme self-valuing (b = 1. 330, 95% CI: LL = 0.287 to UL = 2.471) but not by wonderfulizing (b = 0.061, 95% CI: LL = −3.337 to UL = 3.298). Finding support for the ABC model of positive feelings and showing the role of irrational beliefs in dysfunctional and functional positive feelings may advance existing treatments for promoting mental health and reducing the disturbances of positive emotions.

IntroductionIdentifying factors that contribute to the development of suicidal ideation (SI) is crucial for prevention and treatment. Perfectionistic Concerns (PC) represent the experience of external pressure to be perfect and have been consistently linked to SI, but it is unclear how PC and SI are associated in depressed adults. This study examined the association between PC and SI and whether self-esteem, loneliness and rumination (brooding, reflection and depression-related rumination) moderated this association in a clinical sample.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used a psychiatric outpatient sample of depressed adults, selected for the presence of SI. In total 110 adults (mean age 33.54 (SD = 12.03) and 60% female) participated in this study. Associations were estimated by regression analyses.ResultsPC was not associated with SI in the sample (r = .16, p = .087). However, high levels of PC in combination with low self-esteem (β = -.29, p = .007) or with high levels of depression-related rumination (β = .22, p = .017) were positively associated with SI. Loneliness, brooding and reflection did not moderate the PC-SI relationship.DiscussionThese findings underline the importance of taking into account the individual characteristics in depressed, perfectionistic individuals when estimating SI severity and selecting the focus of intervention. Due to the cross-sectional design no causal inferences can be made.