The aim of the research was to prepare educational units using the meta-cognitive strategy in positive thinking and cognitive achievement and developing some complex skills in football for students, prepare two scales of positive thinking in football for students, identify the effectiveness of educational units using positive thinking and developing some complex skills in football for students, the researchers used the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the problem. The community of students of the Secondary School for Sports Sciences affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Rusafa II was identified, numbering (90) students, and the sample members were selected with a number of (90) students, i.e. (72.222%) of the research community, and the research sample was divided into a sample to prepare the scale under study, numbering (35) students, and the main experiment sample, numbering (20) students with a single experimental group system, and the number of the control group was also (20) students, and the number of the exploratory experiment group was (5) students, and (5) students were excluded for not committing. The researchers adopted the (Mahmoud, 2015) scale for positive thinking (appendix), as the scale consists of (23) statements, and the scale was corrected according to two answer alternatives, (A, B). After that, the exploratory experiment was used, which is considered "practical training for the researcher to identify the difficulties he encounters during the test to avoid them in the future" (Al-Shawk and Al-Kubaisi, 2004, p. 91). Therefore, the researcher conducted an exploratory experiment on (10/1/2025) on the exploratory experiment sample of (5) students. After that, the researchers conducted the pre-tests for the research sample, and then the main experiment was applied, followed by the post-tests. After that, the data for the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group were transcribed by the researchers, and statistically processed, and the results were obtained

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pentagram strategy as a contemporary approach in teaching chest pass and layup skills of basketball among under 14 years junior students. The researcher employed experimental method with equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The sample of the study was composed of 16 players from the specialized school of Youth and Sports Ministry that was divided into two groups. The experimental group received a program of 24 instruction units, three per week, using the Pentagram strategy where the skills are divided into five dimensions and developed progressively. The findings indicated that significant differences at chest pass and layup skills were found in favor of the experimental group, and Pentagram intervention program gives also a positive contribute to juniors’s skill performance. The researcher suggested that this plan should be adopted in the educational programs of basic motor skills since it positively affects active thinking, cooperation work and the students’ self-motivation.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting one of the modern training methods that may contribute to improving the athletic performance of handball players, whether on the physical or tactical level. From the perspective of physiological variables, repeated-sprint training at maximal and sub-maximal intensities is employed to enhance anaerobic capacity and increase the efficiency of the nervous system. The research problem emerged from the observation that many coaches focus heavily on offensive skills, neglecting the fact that an offensive mistake results in losing the ball, whereas a defensive error grants the opponent a scoring opportunity. Additionally, poor performance results may be attributed to the inability of the body’s functional systems to withstand the demands of continuous and variable motor performance, as well as the noticeable delay in physical preparatory aspects such as speed of movement across the court, reaction time, and decision-making during defensive situations like intercepting or clearing the ball. Despite the importance of these aspects, training programs for players under 15 years of age still require further development in defensive performance and movement speed, which in turn influence physical abilities such as lower-limb explosive power and anaerobic functional variables.The study aims to: Design repeated-sprint training using maximal and sub-maximal intensities for handball players under 15 years of age, and identify the effects of this training on the alactic (phosphagen) anaerobic functional variable, lower-limb explosive power, and individual defensive movement among players in this age group. The researchers used the experimental method with a design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of players from the Specialized Handball School in Baghdad under the age of 15. The sample was intentionally selected and consisted of (20) players, randomly divided into two groups: (10) players in the experimental group and (10) in the control group. Results showed that repeated-sprint training had a significant positive effect on the development of lower-limb explosive power (right and left) and on improving the phosphagen anaerobic functional variable in the experimental group. The designed training also led to significant improvement in individual defensive movements, including ball interception and clearance. A lesser degree of improvement was observed in the control group compared to the experimental group.

Researchers have shown considerable interest in the idea of organizational climate because of its crucial role in school administration and all school operations. Hence, enhancing it is regarded as a primary duty of school principals, as they bear direct accountability for overseeing the school and its entire operations. Total quality management is a primary method that allows the school administrator to effectively handle administrative tasks with the goal of meeting the needs of instructors, students, staff members, and the community. The significance of the research rests in its attempt to shed light on the value of both organizational climate and total quality management among high school principals. The research seeks to determine the various aspects of the prevailing organizational climate in high schools, including organizational structure, leadership, employee engagement, communication, nature of work, technology, human resources, and job autonomy. The objective is to determine the many aspects of total quality management (including education and quality values, enhancement of the educational process, developing evaluations and incentives, school leadership, and decision-making) among high school principals. Moreover, the research aims to understand the correlation between the various aspects of the organizational climate and its overall level, as well as the different aspects of total quality management and its overall level, among high school principals in Baghdad. This will be examined from the viewpoint of teachers. The researchers utilized a descriptive methodology to study a sample of (1080) secondary school teachers in six educational directorates within the Baghdad province throughout the academic year 2023-2024. Two scales were employed: one to assess organizational climate and the other to evaluate total quality management. The data was analyzed utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics Ver26 software, leading to a series of results and recommendations.

The importance of studying the effect of playing simulation exercises in the chest wall and the various defensive moves of handball players (15-18 years old), in an effort to find out the effectiveness of this type of exercise in the development of comprehensive defensive performance, and achieving integration between the skill side and the plans of the juniors, to build a scientific training base that contributes to the preparation of players capable of defensive performance with high efficiency in the later stages, the research problem was summarized by the following question: Does the use of playing simulation exercises contribute to the development of the level of defensive performance, especially in the chest wall and defensive moves the variety of defensive abilities of handball players of the category (15-18 years old) compared to traditional training methods، The objectives of the research were to prepare play simulation exercises to develop the chest wall and various defensive moves for handball players (15-18) years, and to identify the results of play simulation exercises in the development of the chest wall and various defensive moves for handball players (15-18) years. The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to fit the research problem, the research community consisted of the players of the Maysan handball education team for the academic year 2023-2024, numbering 16 players, the players were divided in a random way into two experimental and control groups with (6) players for each group, players were excluded for the exploratory experiment and other players being goalkeepers, homogenization was carried out between the two groups for variables (height, weight, chronological age, training age), appropriate devices and tools were used, as well as appropriate tests and measurements for the studied variables the statistical bag (SPSS) was used.26) to process the results were analyzed And to discuss the results according to modern scientific sources to reach conclusions from them (there is a clear superiority of the dimensional tests of the experimental and control groups over the tribal tests in the research variables, and there is a superiority of the dimensional tests of the experimental group at the expense of the dimensional tests of the experimental group in the research variables) as for the recommendations, including (the inclusion of simulation exercises of playing regularly within the curricula of handball training in general, especially the age groups, and the design of exercises so that they are with real positions of play and include changing directions quickly, correct positioning, interaction with the ball and colleagues).

The study aimed to identify the effect of combined (physical - skill) exercises using a designed device on developing certain shooting skills for basketball players under 18 years old. The researchers used the experimental approach on a sample of 14 players, divided into an experimental group and a control group.To achieve the study's objectives, the researchers designed a basketball shooting development device, which consists of a rotating base, poles, and a main body, in addition to an electronic system that rotates the device towards the player approaching the proximity sensors.The researchers also prepared a set of physical and skill exercises using the designed device. These exercises were applied to the experimental sample for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. The researchers concluded that the combined exercises using the designed device had a positive impact, leading to the superiority of the experimental group over the control group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contrast training on the development of muscular power and selected physiological indicators in advanced basketball players. An experimental design with two equivalent groups was employed. The sample consisted of twelve players from Al-Difa’a Al-Jawi Basketball Club, who were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a contrast training program for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group continued their regular training program. The dependent variables included muscular power tests (vertical jump and seated medicine ball throw) and selected physiological indicators (resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate recovery). Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both groups. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all physical and physiological variables in favor of the experimental group compared with the control group. These findings indicate that contrast training is an effective training method for enhancing muscular power and improving cardiovascular efficiency in advanced basketball players. The study concludes that incorporating contrast training into training programs can significantly contribute to improving physical performance and physiological adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches and practitioners a

The Hot Chair strategy is considered one of the cooperative learning strategies that relies on interactive dialogue and discussion among students to enhance cognitive understanding. This study aimed to identify the effect of the Hot Chair strategy on developing cognitive achievement in volleyball rules among female students. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-tests and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 60 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad during the 2025–2026 academic year. The experimental group included 30 students who were taught using the Hot Chair strategy, while the control group consisted of 30 students who were taught using the traditional discussion method. To measure cognitive achievement, a Cognitive Achievement Test for Volleyball Rules was developed. The test was a multiple-choice exam consisting of 20 items covering key topics related to volleyball rules. The test items were designed according to the curriculum content and relevant scientific references to ensure their suitability and validity. The results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the Hot Chair strategy in improving students’ cognitive achievement in volleyball rules. The strategy provides an interactive learning environment based on dialogue, discussion, and active participation, which helps students better understand and comprehend the legal concepts of the game. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting the Hot Chair strategy in teaching volleyball rules in colleges of physical education and sports sciences and encouraging the use of active learning strategies in teaching different sports subjects.

AI have initiated an entirely MASSIVE shift in the sporting scene – from its multiple corners right to the administrative side of it! Methodology for current study the present investigation aimed to identify the dissemination level of artificial intelligence in employees’ performance at Omani sports federations base on Oman vision 2020. These were divided into two forms: weak and strong artificial intelligence. Descriptive survey design was used to fit the purpose of this study. The sample of study was represented by (185) subjects conducted from (11) sports federations, besides the pilot sample which included (31) subjects in addition to the main subjects' collection. A purposive sample of (71) administrative personnel constituted the primary study. Supplementary data suggest that there were very significant differences in (p 0.001) between employees working in sports federations in terms of year's job experience variable. The study ended with a number of recommendations, such as forming community partnerships that include business leaders, companies and government entities involved in artificial intelligence to improve workers’ skills for intelligent applications. It also proposed that employees should undertake courses at universities in training programmed designed to develop knowledge and skill in this field.

The research aims to prepare preventive exercises using different weights to improve some health fitness variables to reduce injury among female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, first stage. The researcher used the experimental method because it is suitable for the nature of the research. The researcher used the experimental design with pre- and post-measures for two groups, one experimental and the other control. The research was conducted on a sample of (65) female students of the first stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, Section (A), Section (B), and Section (C). One of the most important results was that the experimental group outperformed the control group in health fitness variables (strength characterized by speed, motor speed, flexibility, agility, coordination, balance). This is due to the implementation of preventive exercises using the step box with weights for the targeted muscles proposed by the researcher on the experimental group. The experimental group did not achieve a significant increase in bio-kinetic abilities tests (transitional speed, reaction speed) over the control group. One of the most important recommendations was the need to be guided by the content of preventive exercises using different weights in some motor abilities because of what they achieved. Positive impact on first-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls.