Background: Osbeckia stellata (Os) is a medicinally significant herb that is consumed for the treatment of various diseases, including skin diseases, diabetes, diarrhea, cancer, asthma, arthritis, dysentery, leukoderma, hypertension, jaundice, malaria, rheumatism, spondylitis, and tuberculosis, as well as inflammation and wound healing. Methodology: This study standardizes the plant of Os by accepted practices. Os leaves have been examined physicochemically, phytochemically, microscopically, and morphologically. Extracts were reviewed for both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical examination, and in vitro bioassays were also evaluated. Results: Diagnostic traits, such as xylem arteries, trichomes with cover, and anomocytic stomata, were identified in the histological study. Nutritional profiling revealed fiber content (48.1 ± 0.99 mg/100 g). Heavy metal analysis revealed that Pb, Hg, Sn, Sb, Cd, Cu, and As were within the permissible limits. Pesticide residues were verified with ICP-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant studies of different extracts show IC₅₀ values 1003.35±0.23, 152.11±0.1, 192.12±0.14, 111.79±0.06, and 982.49±0.31 (μg/ml) as compared to standard 130.54±0.03 and 330.86±0.09 (μg/ml). Antimicrobial assay studies show the Zone of Inhibition by different extracts is 26.00 ± 1.20, 17.00 ± 0.60, 18.66 ± 0.58, 22.33 ± 1.52, 6.33 ± 0.58 (mm) as compared to the standard 38.00 ± 1.00, 35.00 ± 1.35, 22.00 ± 1.00, 41.00 ± 1.00, 30.66 ± 1.54(mm). Discussion: The methanol extract of Os has total phenols and total tannins of 120.04±5.97 and 123.0±1.52 (mg/g TAE), respectively, which is high in quantity and is reported to possess high antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Conclusion: This study concludes that the quality control parameters for Os are essential for promoting its use in pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Lactobacillus acidophilus, a key member of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group, contributes significantly to both human and animal health by enhancing the microbiome. This study explores the bioactive compounds produced by L. acidophilus isolated from the Synkromax probiotic, with a focus on their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Methodology: The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. acidophilus was subjected to solvent extraction to isolate secondary metabolites, while peptides, including bacteriocins, were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Metabolite profiling was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used for qualitative analysis. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the extracts were evaluated using the well diffusion method against pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The cytotoxic potential of the partially purified bacteriocin extract (PPBE) was assessed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results and Discussion: GC-MS/MS analysis identified a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites. Both CFS and partially purified peptides demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The PPBE also exhibited strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.3991 µg/mL, indicating promising anticancer potential. Conclusion: Lactobacillus acidophilus from Synkromax produces a variety of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. These findings support its potential application in therapeutic development and enhancing food safety.

Background: The Sikkim Himalaya is home to the wild medicinal shrub Rhus chinensis Mill, which produces edible fruits. Traditionally, the fruit juice concentrate has been used to treat a variety of stomach issues. The plant is rich in phytoconstituents, including gallic acid (up to 130.4 ± 2.5 mg/g), methyl gallate, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its traditional applications in managing conditions such as diarrhoea, dysentery, toothache, cough, and wounds. The total flavonoids and flavonol levels were quantified as rutin equivalents. The total phenolics were calculated as gallic acid equivalents. Through various in vitro antioxidant methods, including DPPH, Total antioxidant content, ABTS, and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, the antioxidant capacity was determined. Methodology: This review combines data from numerous research studies and review articles that have elaborated on the various phytoconstituents, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of different Rhus species. Results and Discussion: This review provides a detailed description of multiple phytoconstituents, traditional uses, and medicinal applications of Rhus species. The quantitative findings from previous studies report the total phenolic content as 123.52±1.29 mg GAE/g. IC50 values through DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Hydrogen scavenging assay were 42.69±0.1% and 63.20±1.48% respectively. Conclusion: This review provides an in-depth description of various phytoconstituents, including gallic acid, citric acid, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, methyl gallate, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, and protocatechuic acid, among others. These results provide concrete evidence to support the potential of Rhus chinensis Mill. as a source of bioactive compounds for the creation of new treatments.

Background: The study aimed to develop and optimize liposomes of the antihypertensive drug Felodipine (FH) using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach with a 3² Central Composite Design (CCD) in Design Expert software, followed by the development of pastilles. Methodology: Liposomes were prepared using the solvent injection method, with soya lecithin and cholesterol as key excipients, and a solid dispersion of FH. The impact of their concentrations on particle size (PS), drug content (DC), entrapment efficiency (EE), and in vitro and ex vivo drug release was analyzed using response surface methodology. The optimized formulation was validated using four batches (optimized batch, VC1, VC2, and VC3), ensuring a minimal percentage error. The liposomal formulation was incorporated into pastilles to enhance patient compliance, and these were evaluated for drug content, dissolution, bioadhesion, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized liposomes exhibited desirable properties, including a positive surface charge (PS, 1.41±0.12), a high DC (94.323±1.03), a high EE (69.61±1.13), in vitro drug release (70.73±1.08), and ex vivo drug release (66.88±0.23). The validation batches showed minimal percentage error, confirming the optimization process. The pastilles demonstrated excellent physical stability and bioadhesion, indicating their potential for improved patient compliance. Conclusion: The study showed the effectiveness of the QbD approach in optimizing a liposomal drug delivery system for FH, thereby minimizing the need for extensive trials. The incorporation of liposomes into pastilles provided a patient-friendly dosage form with enhanced bioadhesion and stability, making it a promising alternative for antihypertensive drug delivery.

Background: Tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) is a centrally acting α2-adrenergic receptor agonist widely prescribed for managing spasticity. Given its therapeutic importance, a reliable, stability-indicating analytical method is crucial to ensure both the quality and regulatory compliance of Tizanidine hydrochloride. Existing RP-HPLC methods often lack robustness, sensitivity, or DoE optimization, highlighting the need for an improved approach. Methodology: A stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with stability-indicating properties was developed and validated using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. A full factorial design was implemented, optimizing mobile phase composition and flow rate as key method variables. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Detection was performed at 228 nm. The method was validated by ICH guidelines, evaluating parameters such as specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and forced degradation. Results and Discussion: The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² = 1.00) across concentration levels ranging from 80% to 120% of the target concentration. The LOD and LOQ were 1.00 µg/mL and 3.04 µg/mL, respectively. High precision (%RSD < 2%) and accuracy (99–101% recovery) were observed. Forced degradation studies revealed notable degradation under oxidative (36.08%) and acidic (15.73%) conditions. Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC method is precise, robust, and suitable for the routine quality control and stability assessment of Tizanidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

Background: After surgery, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking medications include neostigmine (NEO) and glycopyrrolate (GLY). Numerous traditional approaches, such as HPLC and UPLC procedures, are established for the quantification of GLY and NEO; nevertheless, they lack sensitive and specific analysis, especially in complex matrices. Using the LC/MS approach, this work develops a bioanalytical method for quantifying both drugs in rat plasma and applies it to pharmacokinetic studies. Methodology: The plasma was extracted using acetonitrile, and Rivastigmine was employed as an internal standard. An MRM method with positive ions was used for multiple reactions. A C18 column and a mobile phase - 70:30 mixture of acetonitrile and buffer was utilised at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Plasma vortex for 10 minutes and centrifuged at 4000 rpm at 20°C. Validation and stability studies are conducted according to the ICH guidelines. The pharmacokinetic study by WinNonlin (Version 5.2) software. Results and Discussion: Rt for Glycopyrrolate and Neostigmine at 1.838 and 2.800min. GLY has a precision (%CV) of 0.45 at HQC and 3.57 at LQC. NEO had a precision (%CV) of 1.13 at HQC and 2.79 at LQC. From 2 to 40 ng/mL of GLY and 10 to 200 ng/mL of NEO, the standard curves showed a linear relationship. LOD and LOQ for both drugs were 3pg/mL and 10pg/mL. Conclusion: A simple, affordable, reliable, and sensitive approach for quantifying GLY and NEO in rat plasma using LC-MS, with Rivastigmine serving as the internal standard, was developed, validated, and successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of rat plasma.

Background: The present study investigates the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of Quisqualis indica leaves. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. TPC and TFC were analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging assay at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was assessed in A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay with extract concentrations from 0 to 1000 µg/mL. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids, with total phenolic content measured as 9.25 ± 0.081 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract and total flavonoid content as 4.33 ± 0.24 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g 50% hydroalcoholic extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay across extract concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL. The 50% hydroalcoholic extract exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 48.56 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against A549 human lung carcinoma cells using the MTT assay, with treatments administered at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1000 μg/mL. The extract demonstrated significant cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 4.76 μg/mL. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Q. indica may serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities, warranting further investigation through in vivo and mechanistic studies.

Background: This study investigates the cardioprotective properties of peonidin against cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes using both in vitro and in silico methods. H9c2 cells were exposed to DOX alone as well as in combination with different concentrations of peonidin for various time durations. Methodology: Cytoprotection was studied using MTT assay for viability, LDH leakage, SOD activity, lipid peroxidation, and ROS content. Furthermore, molecular docking was also performed to analyze the binding affinity of peonidin with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), utilizing captopril as a control. Results and Discussion: DOX drastically inhibited cell viability, whereas peonidin co-treatment maintained it dose dependently, restoring it to 99.74% at 150 µg/mL after 72 h. LDH release through DOX-triggered membrane disruption was alleviated from 175.84% to 78.40% by peonidin. ROS levels were also decreased from 191.13% (DOX) to 61.29% by peonidin, reflecting robust antioxidant activity. Lipid peroxidation was strongly inhibited, and SOD activity, decreased by DOX (36.59±0.306 AU), was restored close to control levels (97.85±0.313 AU) by peonidin. Docking studies indicated that peonidin exhibited a superior binding affinity with ACE (-95.72 kcal/mol) and ECE-1 (-78.08 kcal/mol) compared to captopril, characterized by good van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions. Conclusion: Peonidin potently mitigates DOX-induced oxidative injury in cardiomyocytes, showing great promise as a natural cardioprotective agent, as evidenced by both biochemical assays and molecular docking studies against ACE and ECE-1.

Background: In In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), a form of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), the quality of oocytes and the successful development of embryos are crucial in determining the rate of fertility. The excessive presence of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) can cause oxidative stress, which negatively affects follicular fluid (FF) and oocyte maturation. Certain non-endogenous antioxidants, such as catalase, glutathione, and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), are already present in Follicular fluid, which counterbalances these ROS and protects oocytes. Method: In addition to examining the possibility of exogenous supplements of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), this review investigates the function of these intrinsic antioxidants in maintaining oocyte health. Result: According to current in vivo and in vitro research findings done in mice, pigs, sheep, cows, and 18 patients in the age group(40±1), respectively, targeted antioxidant supplementation may enhance oocyte quality, embryo viability, and pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: However, addressing individual heterogeneity in oxidative stress and optimizing dosage remains challenging. This review highlights how new antioxidant compounds and targeted interventions may enhance reproductive success by promoting cellular resilience in follicular fluid (FF). However, additional research into targeted antioxidant therapy in IVF is necessary.

Background: Effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier. Nasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive alternative, ensuring rapid drug absorption and onset of action. Prochlorperazine Maleate, a drug for migraines, suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. Methodology: A nanosuspension-based nasal drop was developed and optimized using high-pressure homogenization. A novel co-processed polymer enhances solubility and stability. Key formulation parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and polymer concentration, were optimized using a central composite design. The optimized nanosuspension was characterized for its physicochemical properties, drug release, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (Batch F9) exhibited a particle size of 78.8 nm and a high drug release rate (93.87% in 8 hours). Stability studies confirmed no significant changes in drug content, pH, or osmolality over a three-month period. The nasal drop provided consistent dosing, with each actuation delivering a precise amount of drug content. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern, enabling prolonged migraine relief. Conclusion: The developed nanosuspension nasal drop presents a promising solution for CNS drug delivery, ensuring rapid and sustained therapeutic outcomes. This nanosuspension nasal drop achieved a 5.6-fold enhancement in solubility and demonstrated rapid onset within 10 minutes post-administration. Although promising, the study is limited to in vitro characterization; future research should explore in vivo efficacy and long-term safety.