Abstract PurposeThis study examined whether social and physical peer victimization in adolescence led to changes in psychological and physical health outcomes.MethodsOne hundred and twenty adolescents (boys = 54) and a parent completed measures of peer victimization and health approximately 2 years apart.ResultsResults indicated that both social and physical victimization were related to increases in the frequency and severity of health problems over the assessment period.ConclusionsIncreases in social, but not physical victimization, were related to more internalizing problems as well as greater frequency and severity of health problems at the second assessment. Anxious depression and severity of health problems at the first assessment were related to increases in social, but not physical forms of victimization over the 2‐year period. These results continue to shed light on the notion that being peer victimized is not a normal part of life and is not necessarily something that adolescents will reconcile with time.

Abstract Over 20 years of research has shown that social exclusion is a pervasive and powerful form of social threat. Social exclusion causes a wide variety of negative outcomes including negative emotions and threats to fundamental human needs (i.e., self‐esteem). Most importantly, experiencing exclusion during childhood or adolescence can provoke long‐term negative effects such as depression and anxiety disorders. Despite the growing interest in this domain, only recent studies have started to examine possible coping strategies to contrast the negative effects of exclusion. In this article, we first review the empirical findings concerning the consequences of social exclusion in children and adolescent populations. Second, we focus on cognitive and socio‐emotional strategies that children and adolescents can use to deal with exclusion when it has occurred. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Abstract PurposeTo summarize the literature linking peer victimization to cortisol production in children and adolescents, with the goals of improving how these constructs are assessed and clarifying implications for health outcomes.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across four online databases. Searches included studies examining any association between peer victimization, or bullying, and cortisol among school‐age youth (ages 5–17 years).ResultsA thorough search of multiple online databases and careful consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines yielded 20 studies for detailed review. Peer victimization was consistently associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and diurnal cortisol slope, and least often associated with the cortisol awakening response.ConclusionsStudies that expand the range of biomarkers and the diversity of youth included in the samples; that use appropriate covariates, adequate quantities of biological samples, and reliable measures; and that test theoretically grounded pathways through which peer victimization is linked to biological stress responses will advance scholarship in this field.

Abstract In an earlier Special Issue in the Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research (JABR), Gatchel (Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 2017, 22[1], e12088) addressed the construct of pain catastrophizing (PC). The present article is meant to extend those reviews within a biopsychosocial context, as well as update recent research on PC with a specific concentration on genetic factors. An overview of biological factors as they relate to PC and epigenetics are reviewed first (brain areas associated with pain and how they adapt neurochemically to chronic noxious stimuli, polymorphism of various genes, etc.), proceeded by the discussion of psychological (depression, anxiety, and the genomic link to neuroticism) and social influences (reason people engage in PC, age's impact on neuronal restructuring) as they corroborate the argument of PC's link to genetic factors. Finally, this article concludes by providing future directions for research concerning PC such as examining the efficacy of Pain Neurobiology Education, as well as gene therapy.

Abstract AimPeople suffering with chronic pain have a decreased quality of life in both the physical and psychosocial dimensions. Popular treatment methods for a chronic pain patient are opioid prescriptions and surgery, which may not be beneficial to long‐term outcomes in chronic pain patients, and may actually result in reducing a patient's overall health.PurposeThis review will examine the role of the physical therapist in treating chronic pain patients in regard to the biopsychosocial model. Reviewing chronic pain through a biopsychosocial perspective, screening, evaluation, intervention selection, and problems with programs adherence in regard to chronic pain patients in physical therapy will be discussed. Psychosocial components of chronic pain including fear of movement and depression are also examined in how they can hinder or interfere with physical therapy treatment and evaluation.ConclusionWhen treating chronic pain patients, applying the biopsychosocial perspective to physical therapy with a focus on restoring physical function could provide the least invasive treatment for chronic pain patients with optimal outcomes.

Abstract PurposeThe success of any organization is highly dependent on how it attracts, recruits, motivates, and retains a high‐performing workforce. The reason is that performance as a phenomenon is closely related to aspects of effectiveness, knowledge management and quality from one side and to management, financing and development of the organization from the other. Especially for hospital physicians, job performance issues are inextricably linked to patient safety. Explaining the factors that influence employee performance remain a fundamental question for human resources management practitioners. The literature shows that a large number of factors influence job performance such as satisfaction from the profession, work environment, compensation policies, quality of work life, ability, effort, motivation, attitude, personality, and competence. This study looked at selected employee related factors, namely job security, organizational support, and job satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of job security and organizational support on hospital physician's job performance and the mediating role of job satisfaction on these relationships.MethodsA cross‐sectional quantitative approach was employed for this study. Hospital physicians working in public and private hospitals of Pakistan were selected. The sample comprised of 361 hospital physicians who were approached using the self‐administered technique. To outline and explain the relationship of job security and organizational support with job performance and how job satisfaction could mediate these relationship, the data were analyzed using partial least squares‐structural equation model (PLS‐SEM).ResultsThe results indicated that job security and organizational support positively affected job performance of hospital physicians. Moreover, job satisfaction mediated the link between job security and job performance as well as between organizational support and job performance.ConclusionsWe conclude that by providing job security and organizational support to hospital physicians, their job performance can be boosted. Physician satisfaction impacts physician behavior and, consequently, the quality of medical care. Physician satisfaction needs to be measured and monitored to improve working conditions and increase employment stability in the healthcare sector. Due to the health workforce crisis, knowledge regarding physician satisfaction and job security is essential to healthcare managers and policy makers for more effective human resources management.

Abstract PurposeA healthy lifestyle following a cancer diagnosis is associated with reduced risk for a cancer recurrence. Better understanding the interrelationships between multiple health behaviors (HB) in cancer survivors could inform the development of more effective interventions to promote a healthy lifestyle.MethodsThis prospective study assessed the longitudinal interrelationships between smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and caffeine consumption among patients with mixed cancer sites at the peri‐operative period and 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 months later. A cross‐lagged design and structural equation modeling were used to assess the relationships between all four HBs over time.ResultsThe study included 962 participants. The model showed a good fit to the data. For all four HBs, continuity paths consistently indicated that one particular health behavior was significantly predicted by the same health behavior at the previous time point. However, no consistent pattern of cross‐lagged relationships between HBs emerged. Physical activity at 14‐ and 18‐month evaluations was the HB most consistently involved either as a predictor as a predicted variable.ConclusionOverall, this study indicates that HBs assessed following cancer surgery are mostly independent and that interventions promoting HB changes during the cancer treatment trajectory need to target each health behavior separately.