This study was carried out in the lath house of the Horticulture Department Nursery, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok University. Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the period from 5th 2024 to study the effect of different levels of Zn (0, 0.50 and 0.75) and different concentration of BA (0. 50, and 100) mgl-1 on some flowering and vase life of two cultivars of Zinnia plant. The results were as follows: The best results (fewest days) for the number of days from planting to bud emergence, and anthesis were obtained on Zinnia Lavanda (54.957 and 85.185) respectively. Also, these treatments were significantly superior in the other characteristics like flower stem length (cm), flower stem diameter (cm) and vase life (days) for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar reached (3.815 cm 8.169 cm 10.710 day) respectively. While the flower dry weight 1.429g and vase life 11.009 day was significantly increased when plant spraying with 0.75 % Zn compared with other treatments. The responses of the Zinnia plants to micro elements under study, significantly increased number of flowers per plant 4.389, flower stem diameter 0.437 cm, flower fresh weight 9.510 g and vase life 11.148 for the Zinnia Lavanda when spraying with 0.75% Zn compared to the control. While the maximum result about the flower stem length 87.310 cm, flower diameter 8.319 cm and flower dry weight 1.674 g for Zinnia rosso scarlatta when spraying with 0.75% Zn. Also, the best result of Zinnia Lavanda for number of flowers per plant, flower stem diameter, flower fresh weight and vase life (4.333, 0.405 cm, 10.462 g and 11.111 days) was obtained when the plant sprays with BA at (100 and 50) mgl-1 respectively compared with control and Zinnia rosso scarlatta. Maximum fresh flower weight (13.030 g) was recorded for plants grown in BA at 50 mgl-1+ 0.50% Zn treatment for the Zinnia Lavanda cultivar follow by 12.217g fresh flower weight for the same cultivar when spraying only 100 mgl-1 BA. Maximum dry flower weight (2.317 g) was recorded for Zinnia rosso scarlatta cultivar in control treatment. Maximum vase life (12.333 days) was recorded for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar in 0.75% Zn combined with 50 mgl-1 BA treatment.

Spiders are an abundant and species-rich taxon of generalist predators that can affect herbivore populations and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems. The present study was focused on the diversity and abundance of agroecosystem-inhabiting spiders and their impact on insect pests of rice and wheat crops. The crop fields were visited weekly to record spider diversity by the all-out search, sweep net and the pitfall trap methods. Fourteen species of spiders and six species of insect herbivores were recorded in the rice and wheat cropping systems. The lynx spider, Oxyopes javanus and the web-making, Neoscona theisi and Tetragnatha javana were the ecologically dominant, arboreal species, while Pardosa sumatrana, an epigeal lycosid spider, was the dominant, ground-dwelling species, in both cropping systems. Furthermore, to highlight the impact of these four ecologically dominant species of spiders on insect pests of crops, We propose estimates of the biomass of annually killed insect pests. In the event of an anticipated abundant prey availability, the annual prey kills of these four spider species were estimated to be in the range of »3-8 kg (fresh weight) over the entire cultivated field (Area= 65 ha). The assessment of the estimated annual insect pests kill and the comparative impact of spider predation in the annual agroecosystems will help in expanding the approach of conservation biological control.

The present study investigates the impact of mass bathing during Mahakumbh 2025 on the water quality of the River Ganga at two key sampling points Sangam and Daraganj in Prayagraj. Water samples were collected and analyzed before (January 8), during (January 13 to February 26), and after (February 28) the Mahakumbh event. Parameters including water temperature (WT), transparency, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride content, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The results revealed noticeable temporal variations across several parameters, particularly during peak bathing days. During Mahakumbh, transparency and TDS levels fluctuated significantly, indicating increased turbidity and pollutant load due to mass gatherings. DO levels generally decreased while BOD increased on key bathing days, especially on February 3 and 6, suggesting a decline in water quality due to organic load. A slight decrease in pH and increases in TH and chloride concentrations were also observed at both sites during the event. Post-Mahakumbh (Feb 28), some recovery in parameters like DO and transparency was evident, though not uniformly across all indicators.

Forty-eight swiss albino mice, weighing between 25-30 grams were used in this experiment. There are a total of six mice in each group and each group was divided into eight equal sections. Diabetes was induced in group 2,3,4,5,6,7 using alloxan monohydrate of (150 mg/kg body weight) administered intraperitoneally to overnight fasted animals. Group 1:- Served as the control. Group 2:- Mice induced with diabetes .Group 3:- Diabetic induced mice treated with metformin of 75 mg /kg body weight. Group 4:- Diabetic induced mice treated with Epicarp 45 mg/kg body weight. Group 5:- Diabetic mice treated with Epicarp of 75 mg/kg body weight. Group 6:-Diabetic induced mice treated with Endo mesocarp of 45 mg/kg body weight. Group 7:-Diabetic mice treated with Endo mesocarp of 75 mg/g body weight. Treatments were administered via orogastric intubation for 27 days. All animals had free access to pellet feed and water throughout the experiment. On the 28th day, the animals were sacrificed, and the peritoneium was opened to collect the pancreas, kidneys, and liver, which were preserved in 10% formaldehyde for histological observation using the haematoxyline and eosin staining technique. Histological analysis showed regenerative changes in pancreas, liver, kidney of mice treated with epicarp of 45 mg/kg body weight and endo mesocarp of 75 mg/kg body weight.

This study investigates the toxicological impact of clove oil (eugenol) on Channa punctatus, focusing on dose-dependent histopathological, histomorphometric, and biochemical alterations. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of clove oil (0 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 15 mg/L, and 25 mg/L) for different durations (1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours). Histopathological analysis revealed dose- and time-dependent neuronal degeneration in the brain, epithelial thickening and lamellar damage in the gills, and inflammation in the suprabranchial cavity. Histomorphometric measurements confirmed these changes, with significant reductions in neuronal cell density, gill epithelial thickness, and suprabranchial cavity volume at higher concentrations. Biochemical assays showed increased HSP70 expression, elevated SOD activity, and decreased total protein content, indicating oxidative stress and cellular damage. The results highlight the neurotoxic and respiratory impairments caused by clove oil exposure, emphasizing the importance of controlling concentration and exposure duration to prevent potential harm in aquaculture practices.

According to the Ayurveda Mandagni (~weak digestive fire) is a primary cause of all diseases, including Mukhpaka (~recurrent aphthous stomatitis). Stress such as Chinta (~worry), Shoka (~grief), Bhaya (~fear) are the cause that contributes to the formation of Mandagni (~weak digestive fire) and, consequently Aam (~undigested metabolic waste) is the end product. The symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be correlated with Mukhpaka. A 42-year-old female patient presented to the outpatient department with complaints of recurrent, painful mouth ulcers in the buccal and labial mucosa and soft palate, along with a burning sensation, persisting for two and a half years. The exact etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains unknown; however, numerous predisposing factors, including stress, are known to influence the condition. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent aphthous stomatitis with stress, identified as a significant predisposing factor. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire was utilized for the diagnosis. The condition was managed with Aam Pachana (~metabolic waste digestive medication), along with anti-stress, anxiolytic and Medhya (~cognitive-enhancing) medications, as well as Pranayama (~breathing exercise). The total treatment period lasted 60 days, followed by a one-month follow-up. After the treatment, the patient experienced significant relief from recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Ramtek is situated in the Nagpur district of Vidarbha, Maharashtra, on the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau. This region is characterized by a wide variety of bioclimatic and geographical variables. The region is characterized by a mosaic of diverse ecosystems encompassing deciduous forests, scrublands, agricultural fields, and freshwater bodies, which harbor a rich variety of insect life for ecological and conservation research. Ramtek is situated in the Nagpur district of Vidarbha, Maharashtra, on the northern edge of the Deccan Plateau. The present study was carried out in and around Ramtek region of Maharashtra India. Total five spots were identified and study was undertaken in forest area, lake side area, agricultural farm, college campus and open land area of various vegetation. The study was conducted from January to April 2025 period. The collected insects were identified and maintain the record in tabulated form for analysis. Results shown that lepidopteran species were dominant followed by Odonata, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera etc. The objective of this study is to evaluate the dominance and abundance of various arthropods population in different region of Ramtek

Cognitive science is a dynamic discipline that examines the complex mental processes connecting perception and action. It draws from a rich range of fields, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The foundation of progress in cognitive science lies in the collaborative interaction among these various disciplines, enhancing our ability to solve the mysteries of the human mind, utilise its potential for practical uses, and effectively tackle cognitive challenges. Advancing knowledge and exploration in cognitive science is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of ourselves and the complexities of our brains. Furthermore, the relationship between the mind and the environment is expected to usher in a new era of enhanced well-being and technological innovation. A central element of this effort is interdisciplinary education, which is vital in developing the next generation of cognitive scientists. Equipping them with a broad spectrum of skills prepares them for success in a continuously evolving and expanding field. The interdisciplinary approach is also essential for addressing the ethical aspects of cognitive science. Additionally, interdisciplinary education plays a key role in preparing future cognitive scientists. Providing students with various techniques and knowledge from multiple disciplines enhances their problem-solving abilities. It fosters pioneering spirits, enabling them to navigate the complex landscape of cognitive science with creativity and innovation. This educational model equips them to confront the field's challenges directly and to develop innovative solutions.