Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-s), particularly PPAR-a and PPAR-d, play critical roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and adaptive responses to environmental stress. While their expression and functions have been extensively studied in terrestrial organisms, data on PPAR-a and PPAR-d genes in aquatic organisms remain limited. This study investigates the expression patterns of PPAR-a and PPAR-d genes in aquatic species exposed to varying environmental stressors. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and biochemical assays, we analyzed gene expression levels in relation to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress markers. Our findings reveal significant modulation of PPAR-a and PPAR-d gene expression under stress conditions, suggesting their involvement in stress adaptation and metabolic regulation in aquatic environments. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning stress responses in aquatic organisms, highlighting the importance of PPAR-s in maintaining homeostasis and resilience in changing ecosystems. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge necessary for sustainable conservation and management of aquatic biodiversity. . KEYWORDS :Aquatic species, Heavy metal, Homeostasis, Pollution

The study was conducted in the oak forest region of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand to prepare an inventory of the insect fauna associated with the oak forest. The sampling survey was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in different seasons. A total of 47 species of insects were observed infesting the oak forests. Among the recorded insect species, there were 20 species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 21 species of Coleoptera (beetles), and six species of Hemiptera (true bugs). . KEYWORDS :Insect fauna, Oak forest, Central himalayas, Uttarakhand, Pests

The study of human evolution offers a compelling narrative that spans vast epochs, weaving together the intricate threads of biological adaptation, environmental dynamics, and cultural innovation. This comprehensive review embarks on an illuminating journey through the annals of human history, tracing our evolutionary trajectory from the nascent origins in the Miocene Epoch to the complex societies of early hominins and beyond. By examining pivotal genera such as Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, and Australopithecus and key species, such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, this article explores the significant adaptations that shaped our ancestors. Furthermore, it delves into the potential future paths of human evolution, considering the profound impacts of technological advancements, environmental challenges, genetic engineering, and social and cultural influences. This interdisciplinary analysis highlights the ongoing interplay between our biological heritage and the rapidly changing world, offering insights into the evolutionary processes that continue to shape the human species. . KEYWORDS :Environmental challenges, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens, Human evolution

This paper presents current information on the variety, ecological characteristics, and preservation of aquatic insects. Although aquatic insects play vital roles in aquatic food webs, nutrient cycling, and serve as bioindicators of water quality, their numbers are currently under risk due to several human-induced stressors, such as habitat destruction, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, and the effects of climate change. This page provides an overview of the primary classifications of aquatic insects, their life cycles, their ability to adapt to aquatic environments, and their ecological roles. This analysis focuses on the conservation obstacles that aquatic insects encounter, such as the consequences of changes in land utilization, chemical pollutants, modifications to water flow patterns, and increasing water temperatures. There are still important areas of information that need to be filled in when it comes to understanding the classification and ecological behavior of aquatic insects in various regions. In addition, we need to better understand the various factors that are negatively affecting their populations, as well as develop efficient methods for conserving them. . KEYWORDS :Bioindicators, Metamorphosis, Diapause, Benthos, Trophic level

Psychological barriers are one of the most significant problems for pro-environmental behavior (PEB), which changes people minds and affects their growth and development. To increase the awareness and factor of sensitivity among the people, the different awareness programs and the use of online platforms can be practical and helpful in the modern era. The environment of more responsible people is vital to improving the strategies and skills by which environmental issues can be minimized. The primary quantitative data collection method has been used using SPSS software. The impact of ecological literacy holds on the PEB and environmental issues less than the other factors. The assessment of the customary deviation of IV1.1 of the study is 0.670. Hence, it can be said that the principal risks and challenges for implementing environmental literacy among children and students worldwide are the technical, management, and financial risks. Five types of machinery by application of the component literacy can be outlined, which are knowledge, action, skills, awareness, and attitude. . KEYWORDS :Environmental Care, Environmental issue, Environmental Literacy, Recycling Process

Oxidative stress (OS) is a crucial factor which leads to major complications in pregnancy. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense mechanisms are not in balance during OS. To promote fetal growth and development, the mother body goes through significant physiological changes which when coupled with increased metabolic demands can result in elevated production of oxidative species, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radical, and alkoxy radical. During pregnancy, the levels of such ROS increase drastically leading to increased levels of antioxidants in the body. The pathophysiology of difficulties associated with pregnancy is remarkably influenced by the state of OS. However, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying OS during pregnancy can contribute to the development of targeted interventions aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in mothers and fetuses. The authors of the article used a multidisciplinary strategy and a variety of analysis patterns to provide a thorough overview of the mechanisms behind OS during pregnancy and its effects on the health of the mother and fetus. . KEYWORDS :Adverse pregnancy outcomes, Congenital malformations, Oxidative stress, Preeclampsia

Alstonia scholaris (A. scholaris) L., known as Saptaparni in Hindi or the Devil Tree in English, has gained attention in recent years due to its potential in the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles (NPs) represent a noteworthy class of nanostructured materials with diverse applications in pharmacology, wastewater treatment, and pest management. Naturally occurring biomolecules and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, and saponins facilitate environmentally friendly, one-step biosynthesis of biogenic NPs by acting as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Studies indicated that silver and copper NPs synthesized from the bark and leaf extracts of A. scholaris exhibit significant pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiepileptic activities, while also exhibiting potential in dealing with environmental issues such as biological pest management and water pollution mitigation. In a nutshell, future researchers should focus on the mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical trials are required for toxicity and safety purposes. Life cycle assessment studies should be directed to assess the environmental impact of large-scale production, safeguarding association with green chemistry principles and contributing to sustainable development goals. . KEYWORDS :Alstonia scholaris, Environment, Green synthesised nano-particles, Phytochemistry, Sustainable development goal

India is the most populous country in the world. Extensive agriculture practices are currently used to fulfill human food demands. This leads to huge waste generation, and vermicomposting is a cheap and eco-friendly procedure to diminish the waste management problem. Seven vermibins were prepared to conduct this experiment. The garden and kitchen wastes (KW) were chopped and dried in sunlight. Results showed that composting all garden and KW with cow dung (CD) increased the percentage weight change (137-174%). However, the cocoon production rate (CRP) was higher at 65 days than at 35 days, and the maximum CRP and hatchling production rate were recorded in K3 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; CPR at 35 days: 51.67 ± 0.57; CPR at 65 days: 62.33 ± 1.52, hatching production rate: 63.33 ± 0.58), respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum percentage of hatchling success was in K1 with mean ± SD; 78.33 ± 2.88. This study aimed to assess the change in the biomass and reproductive potential of Eudrilus eugeniae in two different feeding stock organic materials with CD. . KEYWORDS :Eudrilus eugeniae, Organic waste, Reproductive potential, Vermicomposting

The orchid plant species Eria lasiopetala is believed to have medicinal properties that help cure cancer, strengthen the immune system, and improve vision, has been listed as critically endangered due to excessive use. This report discusses the regeneration and propagation of this species in the same culture medium using in vitro methods. Three Media (MS Media, Knudson Media, and Stock solution of MS Media) containing different growth regulators were used for in vitro propagation, but MS Medium containing 1.0 mg/L Benzylamino purine and 1.5 mg/L NAA as growth regulator is the best media for in vitro regeneration and propagation. This research contributes to the propagation and conservation of orchids which are under threat of extinction in high altitudes. . KEYWORDS :Regeneration, Benzylamino purine.MS-Media, Herbal, Knudson media

India is a country known for its rich and diverse forests. With five major forest groups, namely Tropical, Montane subtropical, Temperate, Subalpine, and Alpine forests. Among these, the Tropical forests occupy the largest area in India and are known for their rich diversity of flora. In India tropical forests, insect pollinators such as bees, butterflies, moths, flies, and other insects are the main pollinators. They perform the important task of transferring pollen grains from one plant to another, thus aiding in the reproduction and survival of various species. Their pollination services ensure the survival and proliferation of a many plant species, making them an indispensable part of these precious ecosystems. . KEYWORDS :Conservation, Ecosystem, Insect pollinators, Pollination, Tropical Forest