A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of various integrated management of nutrients to enhance growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) varieties, during two crop seasons of 2024 and 2025 in the Crop Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India. The investigation was laid with 24 treatments comprises of INM (8 inorganic + biofertilizers mixed) with three varieties (MH421, MH1142, and MH7162), three replications in a Factorial randomized block design. The results of Growth parameters revealed significant varietal and treatment differences in plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area, number of nodules, chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate during both years. Among the varieties, MH 1142 (V2) consistently recorded the highest values for all growth and physiological parameters, followed by MH 1762 (V3), while MH 421 (V1) exhibited the lowest performance. Among the nutrient management practices, the treatment N6 (20 kg N2 + 60 kg P2O5 + Rhizobium) resulted in the highest values for all studied traits. While the treatment T5 (15 kg N2 + 60 kg P2O5 + Rhizobium), the secondbest treatment found to be statistically at par with treatment T3 (20 kg N2 + 60 kg P2O5). The superior performance of these treatments may be attributed to enhanced nutrient availability, nitrogen fixation, and improved photosynthetic efficiency. Overall, the combination of MH 1142 with integrated nutrient management involving inorganic fertilizers and Rhizobium inoculation proved most effective in improving the growth and physiological performance of mungbean, suggesting its potential for sustainable productivity enhancement.. KEYWORDS :INM, Mungbean, Biofertilizers, Nano fertilizers, Varieties, Growth parameters

This manuscript is related to the physico-chemical parameters of three ponds water, located in Bareilly city. Samples were collected from three stations (Akshar Vihar Pond, Choudhary Pond, and Delapeer Pond) in a routine manner. The physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, hardness, chloride, sulfate, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, and calcium were analyzed during this study.. KEYWORDS :Akshar Vihar Pond, Choudhary Pond, Delapeer Pond, Water Quality

Every year, it is observed that certain arthropods, including Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, have a detrimental influence to crop. A major shift in the climate leads to a rise in insect pest attacks on a variety of crops. Synthetic chemical fertilizers are frequently employed as herbicides and insecticides to control crop loss. These fertilizers cause adverse effects on different types of ecosystems. The biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae is known to target a broad host range. It impacts the Lepidoptera's egg, larva, pupa, and adult phases of development. The mode of infection for Metarhizium is (1) adhesion, (2) Formation of appressoriums, (3) Penetration, and (4) Multiplication and colonization. The enzymes of Metarhizium play a major part in pathogenicity. In response to a pathogen attack, an insect/pest triggers the immune system against the host. Entomopathogens are less favored despite their great promise since they require a long time for fungi to adapt to their surroundings and there hasn't been enough field testing. The various aspects of M. anisopliae are covered in this review.. KEYWORDS :Chemical fertilizers, Conidia, Entomopathogen, Insect, Metarhizium anisopliae

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the pollution levels of heavy metals in the River Ganga, focusing on the sources, concentrations, and their potential environmental and human health impacts. The paper highlights the anthropogenic activities contributing to metal contamination, such as industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and urban waste. Various methodologies for monitoring heavy metal contamination, including water and sediment analysis, are explored, alongside risk assessment frameworks to evaluate the impact on human health and biodiversity. By presenting a detailed risk assessment of heavy metals in the Ganga, this paper emphasizes the urgent need for collaborative efforts in pollution control to safeguard both the river ecosystem and public health. . KEYWORDS :Pollution, Heavy metal, River Ganga, Toxicity, Municipal Wastewater

Urban flooding is a critical and recurring challenge in India, driven by rapid urbanization, unplanned development, and increasing extreme weather events. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of urban flooding in Indian cities, highlighting key causes, assessment methodologies, governance gaps, and future directions for resilience-building. The study explores case studies from major cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru, and underrepresented smaller cities like Gorakhpur, emphasizing the unique challenges faced by these regions. The review reveals that while technical tools such as GIS, remote sensing, and hydrological models are extensively applied for flood risk assessment, socioeconomic dimensions, particularly the vulnerabilities of marginalized communities, remain inadequately addressed. Emerging technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, and machine learning demonstrate significant potential for real-time monitoring and predictive modeling but are underutilized in Indian cities. Nature-based solutions (NBS), such as wetland restoration and green infrastructure, offer sustainable flood mitigation options but lack integration into urban planning frameworks. In addition, governance challenges, including fragmented institutional coordination and weak enforcement of policies, exacerbate the impact of urban flooding. The findings highlight critical research gaps, including the underrepresentation of smaller urban centers, insufficient socio-economic inclusion, and the absence of multi-hazard frameworks. The review recommends localized and tailored approaches, stronger adoption of emerging technologies, integration of NBS and strengthened governance to address these challenges. A shift from reactive flood management to proactive and holistic resilience strategies is essential for mitigating future flood risks and ensuring sustainable urban development in India. This study serves as a foundation for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers to design context-specific solutions, fostering urban resilience against the increasing threats posed by flooding and climate change. . KEYWORDS :Urban flooding, Resilience, Hydrological modeling, GIS, Climate change, Disaster management

A bench-scale experimental trial was conducted for treating industrial effluents. The experiments were carried out using bioreactor of 10 L capacity filled with organic substrates and cellulosic substrates such as sugarcane waste, cow manure, and vermicompost inoculated with fresh whey. The pH of the contaminated wastewater increased from 6.80 to 7.3. In addition, lead removal of 95%, zinc removal of 99%, copper removal of 97%, cobalt removal of 98%, and manganese removal of 98% were observed in this study. The study reports the feasibility of bioreactor sulfur-reducing bacteria for treating industrial waste. Both manure and cellulosic waste provided to be equally successful. . KEYWORDS :Industrial water, Manure, Substrate

This paper presents the evaluation of the traditional vegetable-based food of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, exploring its culinary richness and nutritional significance. Kangra, nestled in the lap of the Himalayas, boasts a unique culinary heritage deeply rooted in its cultural traditions. The study takes a mixed-methods approach, combining a qualitative examination of traditional recipes with quantifiable nutritional content assessments. Findings reveal a diverse array of vegetable-based dishes showcasing local ingredients and culinary techniques passed down through generations. Moreover, nutritional analysis highlights the health benefits of these traditional foods, underscoring their potential as sustainable and nutritious dietary options. The paper concludes with recommendations for the preservation and promotion of Kangra's culinary heritage to safeguard its cultural and nutritional value for future generations. . KEYWORDS :Traditional food, Culinary-tourism, Palampur, Hill states

High humidity and inappropriate storage conditions enhance the moisture level of dehydrated food-stuffs, resulting in their deterioration by insect and fungal attacks. The microbes lead to unpalatable attributes of stored food like discoloration, loss of dry matter through nutrients such as carbohydrates (as energy-source), degradation of proteins and lipids, also the volatile metabolites formed by them produce off-odors and mycotoxin production making them unfit even as animal feed. Therefore, samples of white sesame, fig, pistachio, and musk melon from various markets of Gorakhpur were analyzed for fungal pathogens. Species of Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Yeast were isolated using the Agar plate method. Among them, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus were the major ones. Fungal contamination was maximum during months from July to October. The effect of the fungal deterioration was evaluated on the basis of their difference in nutrient analysis of deteriorated and undeteriorated samples. Together with the physical deterioration observed, the moisture content was higher in the deteriorated samples. During biochemical analysis, the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content of the dried food commodities experienced a moderate decrease. Thus, the experiment gave an insight to the quality of food commodities in terms of their biological deterioration so that one can be warned to take the apt precautions before their consumption. . KEYWORDS :Cucumis melo (muskmelon seeds), Ficus carica (fig), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Post-harvest fungi, Sesamum indicum (sesame seeds)

Triphala is frequently employed in herbal formulations due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Compounds of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides provide Triphala its antibacterial qualities. In this study, these antimicrobial properties have been explored for textile finishing. Textiles manufactured using natural antimicrobial agents correspond to regulatory standards and are environmentally sustainable, non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic. Current research utilized 25% (w/v) aqueous extract of Triphala for antibacterial treatment of cotton. Escherichia coli MTCC 82 (Gram-negative bacteria [GNB]) and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC96 (Gram-positive bacteria) were employed as indicator strains. The extract exhibited higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus (27 mm) compared to E. coli (24 mm), as evaluated by the well diffusion method. The extract has been applied to cotton employing the pad-dry-cure technique. Zones of inhibitions for finished fabrics were evaluated using the standard method AATTCC 147. Citric acid, glyoxal, and glutaraldehyde were used as cross-linking agents to enhance the binding efficacy. Glyoxal significantly increased the activity of Triphala followed by glutaraldehyde against both the indicator strains, whereas citric acid did not increase the efficiency of Triphala. We concluded that Triphala plus glyoxal can be used for antimicrobial textile finishing, and these textiles have wide applications in the medical and health-care sectors. . KEYWORDS :Antimicrobial, Citric acid, Finishing, Glutaraldehyde, Glyoxal, Triphala

Millions of residents of Uttar Pradesh, India, rely on groundwater as a major drinking water source. The physicochemical quality of this water, influenced by a complex interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors, increasingly endangers public health. Therefore, the physicochemical status of groundwater in Uttar Pradesh and its health consequences remain instrumental for the discourse of this review. This includes pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, and heavy metals. Various health effects of consuming contaminated groundwater have been covered. These include gastrointestinal problems, fluoride-linked dental and skeletal fluorosis, methemoglobinemia, and the different types of cancer. Populations such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly are most susceptible. Furthermore, the study makes possible suggestions for optimizing groundwater quality and health risk reduction. This includes improved monitoring and surveillance, the promotion of proper farming methods, the utilization of cost-effective treatment methods, and education and awareness for affected communities. Effectively managing groundwater resources is critical for safeguarding public health and ensuring that all Uttar Pradesh, India residents have access to clean, safe drinking water. . KEYWORDS :Contamination sources, Groundwater quality, Health effects, Physico-chemical parameters