This paper critically examines the types of intellectual property (IP) protection used by creative enterprises in Croatia, focusing on their impact on market positioning and overall economic performance. The aim of the study is to identify the forms of IP prevalent in the industry and to examine the practical challenges faced by these enterprises in managing and protecting their intangible assets. The methodological framework is based on the analysis of secondary data sourced from various databases and includes analytical, synthetic, and comparative approaches. The results indicate that enterprises with intellectual property rights generally have higher employment levels, higher revenues per employee, and higher average wages than enterprises without such rights. Patents are found to be particularly influential and often correlate with the greatest economic benefits. These findings underscore the strategic role that robust intellectual property protection plays in increasing the competitiveness, resilience, and long-term sustainability of creative businesses. In light of these findings, the paper recommends strengthening support systems to improve the effectiveness of IP management and legal protection in this segment of the economy.

This paper explores the process of creating an application for educating children about cyber threats on the Internet. Cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important topic in the digital age, and educating children on this subject is imperative for their protection. The goal of this paper is to propose a conceptual solution, along with the steps and principles involved in creating an application to educate children about cyber threats on the Internet. The application offers an interactive and engaging experience for children learning about cybersecurity. The research investigates the most effective approach to educating children by employing a survey. The acquired results are then assessed using the AHP method. Based on the results, we propose a conceptual solution for the most effective way to educate children, as well as suggestions for the creation and implementation of the online application. We provide a detailed proposal for the development of the "Cyber Heroes" application, including identification of the target audience, definition of functionalities, creation of interactive lessons, challenges and simulations, and the implementation of social interactions within the app. Furthermore, the paper explores gamification techniques integrated into the application to increase children's engagement and motivation to learn about cybersecurity. Through the analysis of results and discussion, the paper offers insights into an effective approach to educating children about cyber threats and contributes to the development of strategies for improving Internet safety among the youngest population.

This article describes the development and design of a sustainable solar electric cargo tricycle in Hungary, Europe, as well as the implementation experience and results of its five-year-long operation powered solely by onboard solar energy. The authors examined current low-consumption transportation methods, electric vehicles, and their suitability for solar usage in sustainable transport systems. Conclusions were drawn regarding the design, sizing, and optimisation of solar vehicles for onboard solar energy utilisation. A total distance of 24,748.4 km was covered with 1,686 kWh of total energy consumption, according to onboard measurements, demonstrating 100% solar-powered operation from 2017 to 2022. The sun provides sufficient energy for daily passenger and cargo transport with fully onboard-generated solar power even in Central Europe, provided that a lighter and slower solar-powered electric tricycle is developed instead of high-consumption cars. Apart from the inability to reach distant destinations quickly, the vehicle functions similarly to automobiles.

This paper analyzes the impact of deposit insurance on the banking system's stability. The analysis is based on a review of the relevant literature dealing with the issue of deposit insurance. The aim of this paper is to determine the direction of the impact of deposit insurance on the stability of the banking system. Based on the reviewed research results, it can be concluded that the direction of the impact of deposit insurance on banking system stability is not influenced by the mere introduction of the mechanism itself but by the (nonfulfillment of certain conditions necessary for its optimal application.

Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. This article analyzes the economics of pepper production in the Republic of Serbia, based on a family farm located in the South Banat region, covering an area of 1 ha. In open-field production, all necessary agrotechnical measures are applied, including drip irrigation. Given that the market placement of pepper is secured, the objective is to assess the economic justification of pepper production, which represents the main source of income for a five-member household. A yield of 50 t/ha was achieved. The calculation determined revenues from the sale of pepper amounting to EUR 40,492.73/ha, variable production costs of EUR 14,784.84/ha, and a coverage margin of EUR 25,707.89/ha. The economic efficiency coefficient of pepper production is 2.74. Based on the established parameters for one production cycle, the research results show that this type of production is economically justified, providing a stable source of income for growers in the long term.

Corruption is a destructive phenomenon that is present in all countries of the world. Numerous studies and analyses show that higher levels of corruption are found in countries with a low level of social and economic development, characterized by low incomes, poverty, uneven growth and development, population migration, and various diseases. Therefore, a particularly strong correlation between corruption and economic and sustainable development is characteristic of low-income countries, i.e., underdeveloped and developing countries (higher levels of the grey economy and corruption correspond to lower levels of economic and sustainable development). For developed countries, the opposite is true - higher levels of economic and sustainable development are correlated with lower levels of the grey economy and corruption. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the impact of the shadow economy and corruption on the economic and sustainable development of European countries.

Environmental uncertainty (EU) ranging from geopolitical shocks to climateand policy-related volatility has emerged as a critical challenge for firms worldwide. This systematic review integrates and updates recent research to clarify the multifaceted impacts of EU on corporate operations, financing, and investment. Using bibliometric and qualitative analyses of SSCI-indexed articles (2014-2024), we find that heightened EU consistently leads firms to adopt precautionary measures (e.g., increased cash holdings and supply-chain adjustments) and exacerbates information asymmetry and agency conflicts. In finance, EU raises external financing costs, for example through wider risk premiums, thereby slowing credit access for vulnerable firms. The effects on investment are complex: many studies report EU-induced investment slowdowns, although some contexts exhibit opportunistic investment (e.g., in innovation) when uncertainty is interpreted as an opportunity. This review contributes to the state of the science by (1) aggregating interdisciplinary evidence to resolve contested findings (e.g., whether EU inhibits or encourages investment), (2) uncovering emerging themes in recent work (e.g., the role of AI in mitigating climate-policy uncertainty), and (3) mapping critical gaps most notably the need for more regional and sectoral analyses. By systematically synthesizing these insights, we frame practical implications: managers are advised to strengthen risk management (e.g., diversify funding sources and invest in digital tools), while policymakers are encouraged to improve policy stability and support (e.g., through subsidies and supply-chain resilience initiatives) in order to mitigate the negative impacts of EU on firm performance.

Economic migration is an integral part of international trade transactions in the modern world. Globally, healthcare professionals constitute a significant part of overall economic migration flows. Worldwide, nurses are the most numerous group of healthcare professionals, and the quality of care is closely related to the effectiveness of the entire health system. As healthcare systems across the world grapple with staffing shortages, understanding how job satisfaction influences nurse retention and migration patterns becomes increasingly crucial. This review article explores the available literature on aspects of job satisfaction, the factors that lead to economic migration, and their implications for the nursing workforce. The findings underscore the importance of effective strategies for fostering nurses' job satisfaction and addressing the challenges of economic migration in the healthcare sector.

aTax strategy and tax policy should align with the business strategy and goals pursued by a legal entity in order to achieve an optimal effective tax rate, representing the actual tax burden. Without a proper tax strategy, the entity exposes itself to the risk of missing opportunities for tax cost savings. The Republic of Serbia is one of the countries that prescribes tax incentives for groups of entities if they report income tax on a consolidated basis (group taxation). The main goal of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in the effective tax rate of individual entities and those that belong to a group of entities. The research sample consists of 1,585 entities split into two groups. The first group includes entities that are part of a group (parent entities or subsidiaries), while the rest of the sample comprises individual entities that are not part of a group. To test the differences between the groups, the following statistical methods were applied: descriptive statistics, normality tests to assess the distribution of the data sample, and Welch's t-test. The research results show a minimal difference between the effective tax rates of legal entities that are not part of a group and those belonging to a group of entities. This suggests that groups of entities do not utilize prescribed tax incentives to a greater extent.

The rise of ecological economics and the verification of the sustainable development concept in the last decade of the previous century led to the recognition of the important role of natural capital in economic growth. With the ever-growing depletion of natural resources and increasing environmental expenditures caused mostly by human activities, it is necessary to disconnect natural capital usage from economic growth, especially bearing in mind current and future economic and societal development. The paper first presents an overview of natural capital as a driver of production growth in economic theory. Then, the phenomenon of decoupling is explained, with particular emphasis on resource decoupling and impact decoupling. In light of the imperative to decouple production growth from the consumption of natural capital, the importance of the circular economy model as a tool through which the goals of decoupling can be achieved to a significant degree is discussed. Due to the possibility of multiple resource use in the production process and the reduction of environmental pollution, the circular production model is particularly applicable in the fields of agriculture and the food industry.