Mental toughness in adolescents comprises key psychological attributes, including challenge, commitment, self-confidence, and control. Studies show that characteristics of mental toughness begin to develop in childhood, with prosocial behavior and low levels of internalizing and externalizing problems at the age of five predicting mental toughness at the age of fourteen. This study aims to examine mental toughness in adolescent soccer players based on the length of their training experience in a sports club. This study employed a descriptive research design to determine whether participation in soccer activities contributes to the development of mental toughness. The participants were 77 adolescents aged 15 years who were actively involved in soccer clubs and had accumulated between one and ten years of training experience. Based on the data analysis, a statistically significant difference in mental toughness was found between the two groups. Players with more than five years of training experience demonstrated a higher score range, indicating the potential for better mental performance compared to those with less than five years of experience. These findings suggest that integrating sports activities into educational curricula may provide significant benefits for the development of mental toughness in adolescents.

This study aimed to design and validate a physical activity participation measurement tool for individuals with physical disabilities in Indonesia. This study was motivated by the limited number of measurement tools that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for Indonesia, despite the globally recognized importance of physical activity for the physical and mental health of people with disabilities. The methods used included adaptation of the

Introduction: Extreme conditioning is crucial in sports, especially basketball, where strength, speed, and power must be maximized under extreme conditions. Objective: This study was carried out to examine how extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) affect body composition, muscular power, footwork, and dribbling skills in basketball players. Methodology: A random sample of 30 amateur players was used in the study, whereby 15 players were allotted to the experimental group and 15 players to the control group. The two groups were put through an eight-week experimental process. The second step during the ECP training was the primary phase of the training session among the experimental group. The comparison group used the normal training session that did not encompass ECP training. Results: Our results also showed that the control group did not perform as well across all the variables that were observed in the present study; the percentage differences as measured in our study were 5.96 and 20.65. Conclusion: The experimental program used gave way to increasing the muscle strength, owing to the intensive training program, which enhanced the footwork and dribbling skills of the participants.

Obstacle crossing is a fundamental locomotor task that requires adaptation of gait and postural control. Obstacle height is commonly normalized to an individual's anthropometrics, most often leg length, but some studies use body height. However, it remains unclear how these two reference measures influence gait outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the effects of using body height versus leg length as reference measures for obstacle height normalization on temporal-spatial gait parameters, postural control, and kinematics in young adults. Thirty-two young adults participated in a cross-sectional study. Participants performed obstacle crossing at 10%, 20%, and 30% of both leg length and body height. Temporal-spatial gait parameters, center of mass (COM) displacement and velocity, and hip, knee, and ankle angles were recorded using a 3D motion capture system. Repeated measure ANOVA was applied to test differences across obstacle heights within each normalization method. When normalized to body height, significant differences across obstacle heights were observed for crossing velocity, crossing time, trailing-limb crossing stride length, leading- and trailing-limb crossing stride time, and leading- and trailing-limb toe clearance, and hip, knee and ankle angles. In contrast, normalization to leg length revealed significant differences only in crossing time, trailing-limb crossing stride time, and leading- and trailing-limb toe clearance, and hip and knee angles. Neither normalization method showed significant effects on COM displacement or velocity. In conclusion, both normalization methods revealed similar overall trends, but body height normalization yielded a greater number of significant temporal-spatial gait changes compared to leg length normalization. These findings suggest that the choice of normalization method can influence the interpretation of gait outcomes and should be considered carefully in both research and clinical settings.

A common obstacle encountered when measuring manipulative motor skills is inaccuracy in recording results, which leads to repeated data collection. This results in ineffective and inconsistent measurements. Advances in sensor and IoT technology have created opportunities for more accurate, efficient, and objective early detection of manipulative skills. Therefore, this study aims to design a sensor- and IoT-based early detection system for manipulative motor skills to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of data collection, resulting in effective and accurate detection. This research and development involved nine experts: three motor experts, three measurement test experts, and three technology experts. Fifty children aged 6-10 years participated in a field trial using a purposive sampling method. After data collection, the Pearson correlation coefficient was analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the analytical tool produced is classified as high across all aspects, and the test-retest reliability test yielded a regression (r = 0.930; P < 0.05), indicating significant performance and a high correlation coefficient. The study's findings indicate that this sensor-based and Internet of Things-based measuring tool can collect more comprehensive motor skill data than manual techniques. This integrated system reduces errors and allows for faster and more precise measurements. Furthermore, this technology is expected to provide tangible benefits for educators and coaches in monitoring children's motor skill development in a more measurable, methodical, and sustainable manner. Therefore, this discovery could be a useful way to improve the standards of motor skill teaching and assessment.

This research was conducted in order to build a scientific and reliable test for measuring the accuracy of shooting a short aerial ball in football; the aim of the study was to develop a scientific and reliable test for the construction and standardization of directly shooting a short aerial ball test in football. Design, methodology, approach: The research adopted a descriptive survey approach and the test was implemented with a random sample (96) of players representing some of clubs in the Anbar Governorate. The methodological steps involved testing scientific validity and the results showed high validity (content: 0.86; discriminant: 0.85), reliability (0.95; 0.96 objectivity), confirming it to be suitable for measurement properties. Normative levels were also established to classify player performance. Results showed that 70% of the sample negatively clustered at the average and acceptable levels, which is elaborated on as a need for more focused skill training in the discussion. The findings of this study, readily translated to practice for coaches in guiding training toward the identification of talent, and of scientific merit for researchers aiming to replicate and expand past studies in this area, suggest that this systematic approach can serve as a reliable and scientific evaluation tool.